“Witt group”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In mathematics, a Witt group of a field, named after Ernst Witt, is an abelian group whose elements are represented by symmetric bilinear forms over the field.

Definition

Fix a field k of characteristic not two. All vector spaces will be assumed to be finite-dimensional. We say that two spaces equipped with symmetric bilinear forms are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by adding a metabolic quadratic space, that is, zero or more copies of a hyperbolic plane, the non-degenerate two-dimensional symmetric bilinear form with a norm 0 vector.^[1] Each class is represented by the core form of a Witt decomposition.^[2]

The Witt group of k is the abelian group W(k) of equivalence classes of non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms, with the group operation corresponding to the orthogonal direct sum of forms. It is additively generated by the classes of one-dimensional forms.^[3] Although classes may contain spaces of different dimension, the parity of the dimension is constant across a class and so rk : W(k) → Z/2Z is a homomorphism.^[4]

The elements of finite order in the Witt group have order a power of 2;^[4]^[5] the torsion subgroup is the kernel of the functorial map from W(k) to W(k^py), where k^py is the Pythagorean closure of k;^[6] it is generated by the Pfister forms.^[7] If k is not formally real, then the Witt group is torsion, with exponent a power of 2.^[9] The height of the field k is the exponent of the torsion in the Witt group, if this is finite, or ∞ otherwise.^[8]

Ring structure

The Witt group of k can be given a commutative ring structure, by using the tensor product of quadratic forms to define the ring product. This is sometimes called the Witt ring W(k), though the term "Witt ring" is often also used for a completely different ring of Witt vectors.

To discuss the structure of this ring we assume that k is of characteristic not equal to 2, so that we may identify symmetric bilinear forms and quadratic forms.

The kernel of the rank mod 2 homomorphism is a prime ideal, I, of the Witt ring^[9] termed the fundamental ideal.^[12] The ring homomorphisms from W(k) to Z correspond to the field orderings of k, by taking signature with respective to the ordering.^[10] The Witt ring is a Jacobson ring.^[11] It is a Noetherian ring if and only if there are finitely many square classes; that is, if the squares in k form a subgroup of finite index in the multiplicative group.^[12]

If k is not formally real, the fundamental ideal is the only prime ideal of W^[13] and consists precisely of the nilpotent elements;^[11] W is a local ring and has Krull dimension 0.^[14]

If k is real, then the nilpotent elements are precisely those of finite additive order, and these in turn are the forms all of whose signatures are zero;^[15] W has Krull dimension 1.^[14]

If k is a real Pythagorean field then the zero-divisors of W are the elements for which some signature is zero; otherwise, the zero-divisors are exactly the fundamental ideal.^[4]^[16]

If k is an ordered field with positive cone P then Sylvester's law of inertia holds for quadratic forms over k and the signature defines a ring homomorphism from W(k) to Z, with kernel a prime ideal K_P. These prime ideals are in bijection with the orderings X_k of k and constitute the minimal prime ideal spectrum MinSpec W(k) of W(k). The bijection is a homeomorphism between MinSpec W(k) with the Zariski topology and the set of orderings X_k with the Harrison topology.^[17]

The n-th power of the fundamental ideal is additively generated by the n-fold Pfister forms.^[18]

Examples

Invariants

Certain invariants of a quadratic form can be regarded as functions on Witt classes. We have seen that dimension mod 2 is a function on classes: the discriminant is also well-defined. The Hasse invariant of a quadratic form is again a well-defined function on Witt classes with values in the Brauer group of the field of definition.^[24]

Rank and discriminant

We define a ring over K, Q(K), as a set of pairs (d,e) with d in K*/K*² and e in Z/2Z. Addition and multiplication are defined by:

Then there is a surjective ring homomorphism from W(K) to this obtained by mapping a class to discriminant and rank mod 2. The kernel is I².^[25] The elements of Q may be regarded as classifying graded quadratic extensions of K.^[26]

Brauer–Wall group

The triple of discriminant, rank mod 2 and Hasse invariant defines a map from W(K) to the Brauer–Wall group BW(K).^[27]

Witt ring of a local field

Let K be a complete local field with valuation v, uniformiser π and residue field k of characteristic not 2. There is an injection W(k) → W(K) which lifts the diagonal form ⟨a₁,...a_n⟩ to ⟨u₁,...u_n⟩ where u_i is a unit of K with image a_i in k. This yields

Witt ring of a number field

Let K be a number field. For quadratic forms over K, there is a Hasse invariant ±1 for every finite place corresponding to the Hilbert symbols. The invariants of a form over a number field are precisely the dimension, discriminant, all local Hasse invariants and the signatures coming from real embeddings.^[29]

We define the symbol ring over K, Sym(K), as a set of triples (d,e,f) with d in K*/K*², e in Z/2 and f a sequence of elements ±1 indexed by the places of K, subject to the condition that all but finitely many terms of f are +1, that the value on acomplex places is +1 and that the product of all the terms in f in +1. Let [a, b] be the sequence of Hilbert symbols: it satisfies the conditions on f just stated.^[30]

Then there is a surjective ring homomorphism from W(K) to Sym(K) obtained by mapping a class to discriminant, rank mod 2, and the sequence of Hasse invariants. The kernel is I³.^[31]

Witt ring of the rationals

We make this concrete, and compute the image, by using the "second residue homomorphism" W(Q_p) → W(F_p). Composed with the map W(Q) → W(Q_p) we obtain a group homomorphism ∂_p: W(Q) → W(F_p) (for p=2 we define ∂₂ to be the 2-adic valuation of the discriminant, taken mod 2).

Witt ring and Milnor's K-theory

Let k be a field of characteristic not equal to 2. The powers of the ideal I of forms of even dimension ("fundamental ideal") in W(k) form a descending filtration and one may consider the associated graded ring, that is the direct sum of quotients Iⁿ/I⁽ⁿ⁺¹⁾. Let ⟨a⟩ be the quadratic form ax² considered as an element of the Witt ring. Then ⟨a⟩-⟨1⟩ is an element of I and correspondingly a product of the form

is an element of Iⁿ. John Milnor in a 1970 paper ^[36] proved that the mapping from (k*)ⁿ to Iⁿ/I⁽ⁿ⁺¹⁾ that sends (a₁,...,a_n) to <1,...,a_n>> is multi-linear and maps Steinberg elements (elements such that for some i, j such that i≠j one has a_i+a_j=1) to zero. This means that this mapping defines a homomorphism from the Milnor ring of k to the graded Witt ring. Milnor showed also that this homomorphism sends elements divisible by 2 to zero and that it is surjective. In the same paper he made a conjecture that this homomorphism is an isomorphism for all fields k (of characteristic different from 2). This became known as the Milnor's conjecture on quadratic forms.

It was proved in 1996 (published in 2007) by Dmitry Orlov, Alexander Vishik and Vladimir Voevodsky^[37] (for case char(k)=0) leading to a rise of new understanding of the structure of quadratic forms over general fields.

Grothendieck-Witt ring

The Grothendieck-Witt ring GW is a related construction generated by isometry classes of nonsingular quadratic spaces with addition given by orthogonal sum and multiplication given by tensor product. Since two spaces that differ by a hyperbolic plane are not identified in GW, the inverse for the addition needs to be introduced formally through the construction that was discovered by Grothendieck (see Grothendieck group). There is a natural homomorphism GW → Z given by dimension: a field is quadratically closed if and only if this is an isomorphism.^[38] The hyperbolic spaces generate an ideal in GW and the Witt ring W is the quotient.^[39] The exterior power gives the Grothendieck-Witt ring the additional structure of a λ-ring.^[40]

Examples

Grothendieck-Witt ring and motivic stable homotopy groups of spheres

It was shown recently by Fabien Morel ^[42]^[43] that the Grothendieck-Witt ring of a perfect field is isomorphic to the motivic stable homotopy group of spheres π_0,0(S^0,0) (see "A¹ homotopy theory").

Witt equivalence

Two fields are said to be Witt equivalent if their Witt rings are isomorphic.

For global fields there is a local-to-global principle: two global fields are Witt equivalent if and only if there is a bijection between their places such that the corresponding local fields are Witt equivalent.^[44] In particular, two number fields K and L are Witt equivalent if and only if there is a bijection T between the places of K and the places of L and a group isomorphism t between their square-class groups, preserving degree 2 Hilbert symbols. In this case the pair (T,t) is called a reciprocity equivalence or a degree 2 Hilbert symbol equivalence.^[45] Some variations and extensions of this condition, such as "tame degree l Hilbert symbol equivalence", have also been studied.^[46]

Generalizations

Witt groups can also be defined in the same way for skew-symmetric forms, and for quadratic forms, and more generally ε-quadratic forms, over any *-ring R.

The resulting groups (and generalizations thereof) are known as the even-dimensional symmetric L-groups L^2k(R) and even-dimensional quadratic L-groups L_2k(R). The quadratic L-groups are 4-periodic, with L₀(R) being the Witt group of (1)-quadratic forms (symmetric), and L₂(R) being the Witt group of (-1)-quadratic forms (skew-symmetric); symmetric L-groups are not 4-periodic for all rings, hence they provide a less exact generalization.

L-groups are central objects in surgery theory, forming one of the three terms of the surgery exact sequence.

Notes

1. ^Milnor & Husemoller (1973) p. 14
2. ^Lorenz (2008) p. 30
3. ^Milnor & Husemoller (1973) p. 65
4. ^¹Lorenz (2008) p. 37
5. ^Milnor & Husemoller (1973) p. 72
6. ^Lam (2005) p. 260
7. ^Lam (2005) p. 395
8. ^Lam (2005) p. 395
9. ^¹Milnor & Husemoller (1973) p. 66
10. ^¹Lorenz (2008) p. 31
11. ^¹²Lorenz (2008) p. 35
12. ^Lam (2005) p. 32
13. ^Lorenz (2008) p. 33
14. ^¹Lam (2005) p. 280
15. ^Lorenz (2008) p. 36
16. ^Lam (2005) p. 282
17. ^Lam (2005) pp. 277–280
18. ^Lam (2005) p.316
19. ^¹²³Lam (2005) p. 34
20. ^Lam (2005) p.37
21. ^¹²Lam (2005) p.152
22. ^Lam (2005) p.152
23. ^Lam (2005) p.166
24. ^Lam (2005) p.119
25. ^Conner & Perlis (1984) p.12
26. ^Lam (2005) p.113
27. ^Lam (2005) p.117
28. ^Garibaldi, Merkurjev & Serre (2003) p.64
29. ^Conner & Perlis (1984) p.16
30. ^Conner & Perlis (1984) p.16-17
31. ^Conner & Perlis (1984) p.18
32. ^Lam (2005) p.116
33. ^Lam (2005) p.174
34. ^Lam (2005) p.175
35. ^Lam (2005) p.178
36. ^{{Citation | last1=Milnor | first1=John Willard | author1-link=John Milnor | title=Algebraic K-theory and quadratic forms | doi=10.1007/BF01425486 | mr=0260844 | year=1970 | journal=Inventiones Mathematicae | issn=0020-9910 | volume=9 | pages=318–344 | issue=4}}
37. ^{{Citation | last1=Orlov | first1=Dmitry | last2 = Vishik | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Voevodsky | first3 = Vladimir | title=An exact sequence for K_*^M/2 with applications to quadratic forms | year=2007 | journal=Annals of Mathematics | volume=165 | pages=1–13 | issue=1 | doi=10.4007/annals.2007.165.1}}
38. ^Lam (2005) p. 34
39. ^Lam (2005) p. 28
40. ^Garibaldi, Merkurjev & Serre (2003) p.63
41. ^Lam (2005) p.36, Theorem 3.5
42. ^Fabien Morel, On the motivic stable π₀ of the sphere spectrum, In: Axiomatic, Enriched and Motivic Homotopy Theory, pp. 219–260, J.P.C. Greenlees (ed.), 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
43. ^Fabien Morel, A¹-Algebraic topology over a field. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2052, Springer Verlag, 2012.
44. ^{{cite book | last1=Perlis | first1=R. |last2=Szymiczek |first2=K. |last3=Conner |first3=P.E. |last4=Litherland |first4=R. |chapter=Matching Witts with global fields |editor1-last=Jacob |editor1-first=William B. |displayeditors=etal |title=Recent advances in real algebraic geometry and quadratic forms |location=Providence, RI |publisher=American Mathematical Society |series=Contemp. Math. |volume=155 |pages=365–387 |year=1994 |isbn=0-8218-5154-3 |zbl=0807.11024}}
45. ^{{cite journal | last=Szymiczek | first=Kazimierz | title=Hilbert-symbol equivalence of number fields | zbl=0978.11012 | journal=Tatra Mt. Math. Publ. | volume=11 | pages=7–16 | year=1997 }}
46. ^{{cite journal | last=Czogała | first=A. | title=Higher degree tame Hilbert-symbol equivalence of number fields | journal=Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg | volume=69 | year=1999 | pages=175–185 | zbl=0968.11038 | doi=10.1007/bf02940871}}

Definition

Ring structure

Examples

Invariants

Rank and discriminant

Brauer–Wall group

Witt ring of a local field

Witt ring of a number field

Witt ring of the rationals

Witt ring and Milnor's K-theory

Grothendieck-Witt ring

Examples

Grothendieck-Witt ring and motivic stable homotopy groups of spheres

Witt equivalence

Generalizations

Notes

References

Further reading

External links