“Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 (the "WARN Act") is a US labor law which protects employees, their families, and communities by requiring most employers with 100 or more employees to provide 60 calendar-day advance notification of plant closings and mass layoffs of employees, as defined in the Act. In 2001, there were about 2,000 mass layoffs and plant closures which were subject to WARN advance notice requirements and which affected about 660,000 employees.^[1]

Employees entitled to notice under the WARN Act include managers and supervisors, hourly wage, and salaried workers. The WARN Act requires that notice also be given to employees' representatives (i.e., a labor union), the local chief elected official (i.e. the mayor), and the state dislocated worker unit.

The advance notice is intended to give workers and their families transition time to adjust to the prospective loss of employment, to seek and to obtain other employment, and, if necessary, to enter skill training or retraining programs that will allow these workers to successfully compete in the job market.^[2]

Covered workers

Generally, the WARN Act covers employers with 100 or more employees, not counting those who have worked fewer than six months in the last twelve-month work period, or those who work an average of less than twenty hours a week. Employees entitled to advance notice under the WARN Act include managers, supervisors, hourly wage, and salaried workers. Often, WARN Act problems arise when employers are acquired by other companies.

Exceptions to the WARN Act

There are three exceptions to the full 60-day notice requirement; however, the notice must be provided as soon as practicable, even when these exceptions apply, and the employer must provide a statement of the reason for shortening the notice requirement in addition to fulfilling other notice information requirements. These three exceptions are:

Exceptions are often claimed by employers in bankruptcy cases, and bankruptcy courts must often determine how the WARN Act applies. Generally, the WARN Act's requirements and penalties apply when an employer continues to run the business in bankruptcy, rather than close the business, and also when an employer plans a closing or mass layoff before filing bankruptcy. The WARN Act does not apply to a trustee in bankruptcy whose sole function is to close the business.^[3]

Penalty for violating the WARN Act

An employer who violates the WARN provisions is liable to each employee for an amount equal to back pay and benefits for the period of the violation, up to 60 days. The liability may be reduced by the period of any notice that was given and any voluntary payments that the employer made to the employee, sometimes referred to as "pay in lieu of notice."

U.S. district courts enforce WARN requirements. Workers, representatives of employees, and units of local government may bring individual or class action suits. The Court may allow reasonable attorney's fees as part of any final judgment.

The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is responsible to educate and inform employers and employees about WARN, and to provide assistance in understanding the regulations, but is not responsible for enforcing WARN.

State and local laws

In addition to the WARN Act, which is a federal law, several states have enacted similar acts that require advance notice or severance payments to employees facing job loss from a mass layoff or plant closing. For example, California requires advance notice for plant closings, layoffs, and relocations of 50 or more employees regardless of percentage of workforce, that is, without the federal "one-third" rule for mass layoffs of fewer than 500 employees. Also, the California law applies to employers with 75 or more employees, counting both full-time and part-time employees.^[4]

A number of states have laws that create ancillary duties at the time of job layoffs, but which generally do not seek to mandate advance notice or severance payments to workers in a manner similar to the federal WARN Act, other states' statutes or the laws found in Canadian or European jurisdictions. Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania have statutes that require filing certain disclosure statements when businesses are the takeover targets of other corporations or when businesses are being dissolved. The statements generally require disclosure of plans to close facilities in the state. Connecticut requires employers to maintain health insurance for a certain period of time following the relocation of operations. Kansas requires the notification of state officials when businesses plan to close facilities or significantly cut production in select industries. Maryland, Michigan and Minnesota have statutes that ask employers to voluntarily provide advance notice to workers in the event of mass layoffs; however these states to not require compliance with the state's statute. Montana and Nevada statutes require advance notice to certain public employees facing layoff. Oregon and Tennessee have laws that simply implement the federal WARN Act. South Carolina requires that employers provide the same notice to laid off workers that workers are contractually required to provide to the employer when leaving their employment. Ohio requires that state unemployment agency officials be notified several days in advance of mass layoffs.

The New York State Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act requires businesses to give early warning of closing and layoffs. The law is more strict on the employers compared to the federal WARN Act. It applies to companies with 50 or more employees (unlike 100 for the federal law) where either 25 (50 for the federal law) or more workers are affected, if that number makes up at least 33% of the workers on that site. NY WARN Act requires a 90-day notice from the employer, unlike the federal Act that requires 60 day notice.^[5]

History

The WARN Act was passed by a veto-proof Democratic majority in Congress and became law without President Ronald Reagan's signature.^[6]^[7] The WARN Act became law in August 1988 and took effect in 1989.

In light of sequestration set to take effect after January 2, 2013, the Obama Administration issued guidance saying "it is neither necessary nor appropriate for Federal contractors to provide WARN Act notice to employees 60 days in advance of the potential sequestration because of uncertainty about whether sequestration will occur."^[8]^[9]

Review

The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed the WARN Act in 1993^[10]^[11] and 2003.^[1] The GAO found that certain definitions and requirements of WARN are difficult to apply when employers and employees assess the applicability of WARN to their circumstances. The GAO recommended amending the WARN Act to simplify the calculation of thresholds, clarify the definition of employer, clarify how damages are calculated, and establish a uniform statute of limitations.

See also

Notes

1. ^¹The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act: Revising the Act and Educational Materials Could Clarify Employer Responsibilities and Employee Rights: Report to Congressional Requesters, U.S. Government Accountability Office. GAO-03-1003. Washington, D.C.: 2003. 45 pages.
2. ^{{cite web|title=Other Workplace Standards: Notices for Plant Closings and Mass Layoffs|url=http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/layoffs.htm|work=elaws: Employment Law Guide|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|date=September 2009|accessdate=2 April 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=What Happens if My Firm Goes Bankrupt?|url=http://www.dol.gov/elaws/eta/warn/fs2r.asp|work=elaws - WARN Advisor|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|accessdate=2 April 2011}}
4. ^General Provisions of the Federal and California WARN Laws, Employment Development Department, California, 2003.
5. ^http://www.labor.ny.gov/workforcenypartners/warn/warnportal.shtm
6. ^{{cite web|last=Ebeling|first=Ashlea|title=Layoffs And Lawsuits|url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/11/25/warn-layoffs-lawsuit-biz-beltway-cz_ae_1125beltway_print.html|work=Business in the Beltway (blog)|publisher=Forbes.com|date=26 November 2008|accessdate=2 April 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Bill Summary & Status, 100th Congress (1987–1988), S.2527|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:S.2527:|publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress)|quote=[The WARN Act] was not signed by the President; it was sent to the Archivist of the United States unsigned.|accessdate=28 May 2011}}
8. ^Memorandum for the Chief Financial Officers and Senior Procurement Executives of Executive Departments and Agencies, September 28, 2012
9. ^Obama administration tells contractors again: Don’t issue layoff notices
10. ^Dislocated Workers: Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act Not Meeting Its Goals: Report to Congressional Committees, U.S. Government Accountability Office. GAO/HRD-93-18. Washington, D.C.: 1993. 68 pages.
11. ^Dislocated Workers: Implementation of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN): Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Labor, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Accountability Office. GAO/T-HRD-93-6. Washington, D.C.: 1993. 8 pages.