| 词条 | Wreckovation |
| 释义 |
Wreckovation is a portmanteau term coined by some Catholics to describe the style of renovations which historic Catholic cathedrals, churches, and oratories have undergone since the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) and which they oppose. As seen by these opponents, some post Vatican II renovations of older churches are similar in nature to the iconoclastic modifications of churches that took place in Northern Europe during the Reformation in the 16th Century or the Byzantine Iconoclasm in the 7th Century. BackgroundThe essential layout of a Catholic church building had remained effectively unchanged since the Council of Trent in the 16th Century despite the great diversity of architectural styles over the centuries. Main Altars were often placed against the wall of the apse to reflect the ad orientem (to the east) posture of the priest during Mass. The tabernacle containing the consecrated Eucharist, Candlesticks, a Crucifix, altar linens, and an elaborate set of reredos all sat atop the High Altar. The Altar and Sanctuary was intended as the abode of priests and consecrated ministers, not the laity. The altar rail or a rood screen served to distinguish the Nave (place for the lay worshipper) and the Sanctuary (place for the priests) as an allusion to the separation seen in the Holy of Holies of the Temple of Jerusalem. Representative religious artwork in churches was created to encourage devotion to God, Jesus Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Saints as well as an important means of communicating the message of the Gospel and the traditions of the Church to a largely illiterate populace. With the proposed changes to the Liturgy during and after the Second Vatican Council in the mid 1960s, there was a movement to build new churches and renovate old ones in the "spirit of Vatican II". These changes were advocated as a means of bringing the actions of the Mass closer to the congregation to encourage "full and active participation". The Liturgical Movement believed the altar should be free standing (not pushed against the apse of the church) and that the focus of the church should be the altar where the Mass takes place. This movement inspired bishops and priests from all over Western Europe and North America to reorder their churches and Cathedrals according to this new liturgical theory. There was in fact no particular document or dictate issued by the council or the Pope making architectural changes to Catholic Churches compulsory. A document was written in 1978 called Environment and Art in Catholic Worship. Church renovations started in the late 1960s but gained momentum with the publication of the aforementioned document. Examples of typical changes seen in the renovations include the removal of the high altar, side altars, altar rails, baldacchini, religious artwork, statues of the saints, elevated pulpits and non-face to face confessionals. In some cases, the sanctuary was extended into the nave which would reduce available seating for the congregation and modify the original architect's vision for line of sight and symmetry. Seating for the laity was occasionally placed in the apse or old sanctuary to create a "theater in the round" concept. Reredos, altar screens, and baldacchini were removed leaving the sanctuary walls bare which left historic churches without a central focus. Perhaps most controversially, in many renovated churches the tabernacle was removed from the sanctuary and placed in a distinct part of the church, such as a side altar or even a separate Blessed Sacrament chapel. These changes in church architecture and design have been criticized from an artistic standpoint. Many historic and irreplaceable works of art have been discarded or destroyed during these renovations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} The end results of many renovations have also been criticized as unattractive and not an improvement from the pre-concilliar designs. Opponents of wreckovation also charge that such changes to churches are iconoclastic and result in Catholic churches that look more like Presbyterian churches, theaters, airport terminals, or barns rather than churches. A major concern is that the design of renovated churches downplays the sense of the sacred in favor of focus on the congregation. Critics see this as inconsistent with the traditional Catholic understanding of communal worship. Meanwhile more liberal Catholics have referred to the renovations as necessary steps in order to emphasise the role of the congregation in worship in accord with the wishes of the Second Vatican Council. Conservative Catholics charge that this is a misinterpretation of the documents of Vatican II.[1][2][3][4][5] Some churches are reversing prior renovations and returning to the Tridentine.[6][7] Vatican initiative on church designIn November 2011, Cardinal Antonio Cañizares Llovera, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship, established a "Liturgical art and sacred music commission" which will be responsible for evaluating both new construction and renovation projects as well as music used during the celebration of Mass to ensure that they comply with church guidelines. He had the full support of Pope Benedict XVI who considered the commission's task “very urgent.”[8] References1. ^Dellachiesa.com "Church Renovator Thrives on Manipulation Skills" 2004 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3632|title=Library : Liturgical Design Consultant Reveals His New Age Religion|publisher=}} 3. ^Canadian Catholic journal 'Challenge': "How a Canadian church was saved from destruction" 4. ^The Friends of St. Colman's Cathedral: "Renovating or Ruining Cathedrals?" October 15, 2001 5. ^Seattle Catholic: "Weakland's Cathedral Renovations" July 27, 2001 6. ^{{Cite web|last=Tribe |first=Shawn |authorlink= |title=Before and After: St. Columban Church in Chillicothe, Missouri |publisher=Liturgical Arts Journal|date=August 24, 2018 |url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2018/08/before-and-after-st-columban-church-in.html |accessdate=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|last=Tribe |first= Shawn |authorlink= |title= Before and After: St. Mark's in Peoria, Illinois |publisher=Liturgical Arts Journal|date= May 9, 2018 |url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2018/05/before-and-after-st-marks-in-peoria.html |accessdate=}} 8. ^La Stampa - Vatican Insider: "New Vatican commission cracks down on church architecture" November 21, 2011
External links
2 : Neologisms|Catholic architecture |
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