“Fujairah”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Fujairah ({{lang-ar|ٱلْفُجَيْرَة}} {{transl|ar|Al-Fuǧaira}} {{IPA-ar|al fud͡ʒajra|IPA}}) is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates, and the only one of the seven that has a coastline solely on the Gulf of Oman and none on the Persian Gulf. The capital is Fujairah City.

History

Fujairah, dominated by the Sharqiyin tribe, sits at the mouth of the important trade route, the Wadi Ham (which is guarded by the Sharqiyin fort at Bithnah), through the mountains to the interior and the Persian Gulf Coast. Known as the Shamaliyah, the east coast of what is now the UAE was subject to Muscat until 1850, when it was annexed by Al Qasimi of Sharjah, in an agreement made between Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi and the Sultan of Muscat.^[2] The Shamaliyah was governed by Al-Qasimi Wali at Kalba although frequently seceded and in 1901 Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi, chief of the Sharqiyin, declared independence from Sharjah. This was recognised by a number of the Trucial Sheikhs and also by Muscat, but not the British, who were frequently provoked by the independently minded ruler.^[3] At this time, Fujairah consisted of some 150 houses and 3,000 date palms and its people lived mainly through pearling and date cultivation.^[4] Since the absorption of Kalba by Sharjah in 1952, the Shamaliyah is shared by the emirates of Fujairah and Sharjah.^[5]

In 1952, Fujairah entered into treaty relations with Britain, becoming the last of the emirates to join the Trucial States. Having withheld this recognition for over fifty years, the British government only granted it because the oil exploration company Petroleum Concessions Limited (PCL) needed to sign a concession with a recognised ruler.^[6] On 2 December 1971, Fujairah joined the United Arab Emirates.

Archaeological finds in the emirate of Fujairah point to a history of human occupation and trading links stretching back at least 4,000 years, with Wadi Suq (2,000 to 1,300 BCE) burials located at Bithnah and the Qidfa' Oasis.^[7] A third millennium BCE tower was used to construct the Portuguese fort at Bidiyah, identified with the Portuguese 'Libedia', a fortress recorded in de Resende's 1646 map - the fortress itself has been carbon dated to 1450-1670.^[8]

Fujairah is also rich in late Islamic fortresses, as well as being home to the oldest mosque in use in the United Arab Emirates, Al Badiyah Mosque, which was built in 1446 of mud and bricks.^[9]{{efn|The remains of a recently excavated mosque in Al Ain in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, near the Sheikh Khalifa Mosque are the oldest known in the country, dating back to the Islamic Golden Age.^[10]^[11]}} It is similar to other mosques found in Yemen, eastern Oman, and Qatar. Al Bidyah Mosque has four domes (unlike the other similar mosques which have between seven and twelve) and lacks a minaret.

Geography

The emirate of Fujairah covers approximately 1,166 km², or about 1.5% of the area of the UAE, and is the fifth-largest emirate in the UAE. Its population is around 225,360 inhabitants (in 2016);^[12] only the Emirate of Umm al-Quwain has fewer occupants.

The weather is seasonal, although it is warm most of the year. The months of December to March are generally the coolest, with daytime temperatures averaging around {{convert|25|C|F}} and rarely venturing above {{convert|30|C|F}}—with temperatures climbing to over {{convert|40|C|F}} degrees in the summer. The winter period also coincides with the rainy season and although by no means guaranteed, this is when Fujairah experiences the bulk of its precipitation. Rainfall is higher than the rest of the UAE, partly because of the effect of the mountains that encircle the Emirate, and partly because the prevailing winds are easterly bringing with them water-laden clouds off the warm Indian Ocean. The variability of the east coast climate is partly due to the presence of the Hajar mountain range. As with other mountainous areas, precipitation is higher, and this allows for a more varied micro-environment in the area. Tourist visitor numbers peak just before the school summer months.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Population

Fujairah had a population of 125,698 at the last census, held in 2005. The latest estimate of population is 152,000.^[14]

Government

Power is ultimately held by the ruler of Fujairah, His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, who has been in power since the death of his father in 1975. The Sheikh supposedly makes money himself through his own business, and the government funds are used for social housing development and beautifying the city, although there is little distinction between the state and his personal wealth. The ruler can make any decisions regarding any aspect of law, although federal laws take precedence.

The Sheikh and his immediate family heads the cabinet of Fujairah, and a few members of respected local families make up the advisory committees. The Sheikh must ratify any decisions by the cabinet. After the ratification, such decisions may be enacted into law as Emiri decrees, which are usually effective immediately.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Rulers

Economy

Fujairah's economy is based on subsidies and federal government grants distributed by the government of Abu Dhabi (the seat of power in the UAE). Local industries consist of cement, stone crushing and mining. A resurgence in the construction activity helped the local industry. There is a flourishing free trade zone,^[17] mimicking the success of the Dubai Free Zone Authority^[18] which was established around Jebel Ali Port.

The federal government employs the majority of the native, local workforce, with few opening businesses of their own. Many of the locals work in the service sector. The Fujairah government prohibits foreigners from owning more than 49% of any business. The free zones have flourished, partly due to the relaxation of such prohibition within the zones, as full foreign ownership is allowed there. Shaikh Saleh Al Sharqi, younger brother to the ruler, is widely recognized as the driving force behind the commercialization of the economy.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

Fujairah is a minor bunkering port with large scale shipping operations taking place every day. Shipping and ship related services are thriving businesses of the city. Due to the business friendly environment and ease of logistic support, ships trading from Persian Gulf anchor here for provisions, bunkers, repair and technical support, spares and stores before proceeding on long voyages. The city is also geographically well suited for such ship service related activities.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

Government of Fujairah is a major shareholder in National Bank of Fujairah, an UAE local bank. Incorporated in 1982, the National Bank of Fujairah (NBF) is active in the areas of corporate and commercial banking, trade finance and treasury. NBF has also expanded portfolio to include personal banking options and Shariah-compliant services. NBF supports industries ranging from oil and shipping to services, manufacturing, construction, education and healthcare.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

Land

Foreigners or visitors are not allowed to buy land. Emirati nationals can purchase land from the government, after proving their nationality. If there is no suitable land available via the official government offices, private purchases can also be made, with the eventual price being determined by the market and the individuals themselves.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Developments

The ruler is planning to make changes that will affect Fujairah. Among tourism projects is an $817m resort, Al-Fujairah Paradise, near Dibba Al-Fujairah, on the northern Omani border, next to Le Meridien Al Aqah Beach Resort. There will be around 1,000 five-star villas as well as hotels, and it is expected that all the construction work will be finished within two years.

The Sheikh is trying to improve opportunities for the local workforce, by trying to entice businesses to locate in Fujairah and diverting Federal funds to local companies in the form of development projects.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Health care

Health care is delivered in a mixed public and private system. Locals are treated for free at the federal government hospitals, while foreigners have to pay for medical care. The national government funds the federal hospitals and subsidize health care with petrodollar revenues. There are criticisms that the government is not providing health care sufficiently for those with low income, who have to pay for critical treatment themselves.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

The Fujairah government has built clinics, known locally as "medical houses". These clinics complement and help lighten the load on the main Fujairah Hospital by allowing walk-in appointments and providing ancillary medical services. These clinics have turned out to be a success, visited by the local populace.^[21]

Education

There are many government schools in Fujairah, which are mainly for Emirati people, beside some numbers of Arab residents. Aside from government schools, there are also private schools, and due to the majority of the population of the Emirate hailing from the Indian subcontinent, most of the private schools follow the Indian Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) syllabus, accredited by the Central Education Board of India.

Fujairah Montessori Nursery is the oldest pre-school in Fujairah.{{fact|date=August 2018}} It admits children from the age of two years. It is located at Al Faseel area. There are several nursery and kindergarten schools in Fujairah. 'Superbaby' in Al Faseel 'Smartkids', 'Mom and Kids' and 'Little Stars' are used by expat families.{{fact|date=August 2018}}

Travel

Travel in and around Fujairah and the surrounding towns of Khor Fakkan, Kalba and Masafi has been made easy by the development of modern highways since independence in 1971. Highways are funded by the federal government directly, and contracts are tendered centrally. This is meant to safeguard the quality and delivery of the contracts and prevent corruption from damaging the construction.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Fujairah has a very limited public transport, with a single bus service operating within the emirate and a service operating to Dubai. Aside from private transport, there are a number of taxis operated by the government-owned Fujairah Transport Corporation (FTC).^[22]

The new Sheikh Khalifa Highway linking Dubai and Fujairah City was officially inaugurated on Saturday, December 4, 2011, following delays to the originally scheduled opening date of July 2011. It is a road that shortens the distance by {{convert|20|to|30|km|mile|abbr=on}}. The Fujairah International Airport is near the city, with a large falcon statue at the airport roundabout. However, currently it only offers commercial service to Abu Dhabi, a domestic destination within the UAE.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Shopping

LuLu Mall Fujairah opened in 2014. City Centre Fujairah opened in April 2012 with 105 units along with Century Mall near the Fujairah Ports. The construction of the Fujairah Mall was completed in 2016. Fathima Shopping Center in Fujairah is another shopping destination.{{fact|date=August 2018}}

Sheikh Khalifa Highway

The new Sheikh Khalifa Highway linking Dubai and Fujairah was officially inaugurated on Saturday, 3 December 2011 in the presence of Shaikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan.^[23]

The new opening date was timed to be in conjunction with the 40th occasion of the UAE’s National Day. The {{convert|45|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} highway will cut the driving time between Dubai and Fujairah to 30 minutes from the current 90, developers claim. "The road begins from the entrance of Fujairah City, crossing Al Gazirmi locality, Wadi Sahm, Asfeeni, Mamdooh, Kadra and Shawka Valleys in Ras Al Khaimah, and ends at Maleeha Road in Sharjah, namely at Hamda area," Dr Abdullah Be Hanif Al Nuaimi, undersecretary of the Public Works Ministry. The $436m highway is part of the UAE’s $1.6bn plan for increased infrastructure investment in the Northern Emirates. This investment includes the building of electricity and water networks in the UAE’s only Eastern Coast emirate.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Culture

The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well. Five times every day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country. Since 2006, the weekend has been Friday-Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday-Sunday.^[24]

Drinking alcohol is allowed at designated hotels, and as of 2000, at a few bars. Until 1998, gambling in the form of slot machines was allowed in certain hotels, but personal petitions by locals to the Sheikh outlawed the activity. Some players were losing entire monthly wages on the slots, leaving nothing for the upkeep of their families.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Groups of (Emirati) youths tend to socialize together on the streets and cafés or outside games arcades, cinemas and mini-malls. It is unusual to see mixed-sex groups as Emirati society is quite segregated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

On vacations, many Fujairah residents travel to western emirates such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi, for entertainment and shopping purposes. They also visit the Wadis surrounding the emirate on camping and hiking trips. At the same time, other emirates' residents visit Fujairah for relaxation purposes and to get away from the stifling heat of the desert. Watersports are becoming more and more popular amongst both locals and tourists. Examples of watersports are jet skis, windsurfing, waterskiing and diving. Professional diving instructors can be found in Le Meridien or in Royal Beach Hotel, where one can obtain an International Diving License, for a fee.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

Gallery

See also

Notes

References

1. ^http://www.megf.org/2014/con_proceedings/Pre%20Conf.-Eng.%20Abdulla%20Al%20Khaddeim,Fujairah%20Municipality%20GIS%20Initiatives_Feb_2014.pdf GIS Initiatives for The Strategic Development of The Emirate of Fujayrah
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681|title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition|last=1941-|first=Heard-Bey, Frauke,|date=2005|publisher=Motivate|year=|isbn=1860631673|location=London|pages=82|oclc=64689681}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title = From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates|last = Bey|first = Frauke|publisher = Longman|year = 1996|isbn = 0582277280|location = UK|pages = 92–94}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Vol II|last=Lorimer|first=John|publisher=British Government, Bombay|year=1915|isbn=|location=|pages=555}}
5. ^[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000a6 Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, 1928-1953], S. 148
6. ^{{Cite book|title = From Trucial States To United Arab Emirates|last = Bey|first = Frauke|publisher = Longman|year = 1996|isbn = 0582277280|location = UK|pages = 296}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47140175|title=United Arab Emirates : a new perspective|last=|first=|date=2001|publisher=Trident Press|others=Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter.|year=|isbn=1900724472|location=London|pages=45-6|oclc=47140175}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47140175|title=United Arab Emirates : a new perspective|last=|first=|date=2001|publisher=Trident Press|others=Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter.|year=|isbn=1900724472|location=London|pages=92|oclc=47140175}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/oldest-uae-mosque-holds-onto-its-secrets|title=Oldest UAE mosque holds onto its secrets|author=Eugene Harnan|publisher=}}
10. ^{{cite news |work=The National |title=Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |url=https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/remains-of-1-000-year-old-mosque-reveal-a-rich-past-2018-09-10-1.673063 |date=2018-09-10 |access-date=2018-10-10}}
11. ^{{cite news |last=Power |first=Timothy |title=How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history |publisher=The National |url=https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-a-1-000-year-old-mosque-in-al-ain-anchors-the-uae-in-human-history-1.770075 |date=2018-09-13 |access-date=2018-10-10}}
12. ^{{Cite web| url=http://citypopulation.de/UAE.html | title=United Arab Emirates: Emirates & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information | website=citypopulation.de | language=en | access-date=31 July 2018 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncms.ae/en/climate-reports-yearly.html?id=8807 |title=Climate Yearly Period (Data Table) |accessdate=27 March 2017 |publisher=Ministry of Presidential Affairs }}
14. ^Ministry of Economy, United Arab Emirates
15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681|title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition|last=1941-|first=Heard-Bey, Frauke,|date=2005|publisher=Motivate|year=|isbn=1860631673|location=London|pages=73|oclc=64689681}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945874284|title=The Origins of the United Arab Emirates : a Political and Social History of the Trucial States.|last=Said.|first=Zahlan, Rosemarie|date=2016|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=|isbn=9781317244653|location=|pages=239|oclc=945874284}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fujairahfreezone.com|title=Fujairah Freezone|publisher=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jafza.ae|title=Free Zone Dubai, UAE - Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza)|work=Jafza}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/oil-gas/habshan-fujairah-pipeline-starts-pumping-crude-oil-1.1038817 |title=Habshan-Fujairah pipeline starts pumping crude oil |author=Shehab Al Makahle |newspaper=Gulf News |date=2012-06-21 |access-date=2012-06-28}}
20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.arabianoilandgas.com/article-10472-abu-dhabi--fujairah-crude-pipeline-inaugurated/ |title=Abu Dhabi – Fujairah crude pipeline inaugurated |first=Patrick |last=Osgood |work=Arabian Oil & Gas |date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2012-07-16}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.uae-medical-insurance.com/resources/uae-topics/fujairah/|title=Fujairah Health Insurance|website=www.uae-medical-insurance.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06}}
22. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/fujairah-residents-call-for-better-public-transport|title = Fujairah residents call for better public transport|last = Haza|first = Ruba|date = 14 September 2014|work = The National|access-date = 8 March 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2011/December/theuae_December92.xml§ion=theuae |title=Mansour bin Zayed opens new Dubai - Fujairah highway |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=3 December 2011 |access-date=13 March 2014}}
24. ^{{cite web|author=Jonathan Sheikh-Miller |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/95027.html |title=UAE Weekend Switchover |publisher=AMEinfo |accessdate=22 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212191741/http://www.ameinfo.com/95027.html |archivedate=12 February 2011 |df=dmy }}