| 词条 | Yaudheya | |
| 释义 |
| conventional_long_name = Yaudheya | name = | image_map = South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg | map_caption = Yaudheya (in the north-west) and their contemporaries around 375 CE | image_map2 = File:Indian tribes between the Indus and the Ganges.jpg | map_caption2 = Location of the Yaudheya relative to other groups: the Audumbaras, the Vemakas, the Vrishnis, the Kunindas, the Pauravas and the Arjunayanas. | capital = Khokhrakot | government_type = Republic | year_end = 4th century CE | year_start = 5th century BCE }}Yaudheya or Yaudheya Gana (Yaudheya Republic) was an ancient militant confederation. The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word yuddha or from yodha meaning warriors.[1][2] They principally were kshatriya renown for their skills in warfare, as inscribed in the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman. The Yaudheyas emerged in the 5th century BCE. They not only survived the Maurya Empire and Shunga Empire, but also the Kshatraps and Kushan Empire.[1] The Yaudheya Republic flourished up to the middle to the 4th century when it was conquered by Samudragupta and incorporated into the Gupta Empire.[1] GeographyThe Yaudheyas formed in the land between the Indus river and the Ganges river called. 'Bahudhanyaka' with their capital in Khokrakot (Rohtak).[3] Bahudhanyaka was originally composed of modern-day Haryana. Early Yaudheya coins were also found East Punjab, and North Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh. They also governed Garhwal, Kumaon, and Himachal Pradesh, in their later military campaigns.[4] Yaudheya coins have been excavated as far as Bahawalpur in Pakistan. In the Mahabharata, the land Bahudhanyaka is stated to be among the countries subjugated by Nakula, the fourth Pandava in his conquest. Bahudhanyaka was the first to fall in Nakulas in of the western direction toward Sakastan, which agrees with the Rohtak-Hisar area.[5] Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XIV.28 and XVI.22) placed them in the northern division of India. LiteraturePuranas (e.g. Brahmanda, Vayu, Brahma and Harivamsha) described Yaudheyas as the descendants of Usinara and Nrigu.[6] There are other references to them namely in the Mahabharata, Mahamayuri, Brihatsamhita, Puranas, Chandravyakarana and Kashika. In the Mahabharata, the land Bahudhanyaka is stated to be among the countries subjugated by Nakula, the fourth Pandava in his conquest. Bahudhanyaka was the first to fall in Nakulas in of the western direction toward Sakastan, which agrees with the Rohtak-Hisar area.[5] Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XIV.28 and XVI.22) placed them in the northern division of India. They are mentioned in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi and Ganapatha. HistoryRise of the RepublicThe Yaudheyas emerged as an entity following the decline of the Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 BCE–c. 525 BCE). The Yaudheyas would eventually encompass the land formerly belonging to the Kurus, including their former capitals Indraprastha, Hastinapur, and Āsandīvat. The Kuru Kingdom which was the prominent superpower in the Vedic age fell in importance when compared to the other Mahajanapadas. The earliest references of the existence of the Yaudheyas is in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi (V.3.116-17 and IV.1.178) of (c.500 BCE) and the Ganapatha. In his works the Yaudheyas are mentioned as ayudha-jivin sanghas i.e., a community living by the profession of arms.[1] The region of Bahudhanyaka was ruled by the Yaudheyas who minted coins bearing the legend 'Bahudhanyaka Yaudheyanam'. Maurya EmpireThe Yaudheyas were incorporated into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta, under the tutelage of Chanakya, won over local kingdoms and republics in Punjab before conquering the Nanda Empire. Chandragupta heavily relied on the Yaudheya Gana in his campaigns.[7] His military had a high representation of the Yaudheya Gana and similar republicans. Additionally, Chandragupta appointed Yaudheya nobility and chiefs in government positions. As recorded in the Bijoygarh inscription commissioned around Ashokas reign, the Yaudheya Republic appointed a chief who held the title of Maharaja.[7] This chief of the Yaudheya republic was appointed the Mahasenapati or 'Great Commander of the Army' for the Mauryan military. The Arthashastra written by Chanakya described the senapati as adept in all modes of warfare (sarvayudha), all weapons (praharana), possessing modesty and restraint (vidyavinita), and capable of controlling all four wings of the army (chaturangini sena). Post Maurya EmpireSoon after the death of Pushyamitra Shunga, Yaudheyas particularly asserted themselves independent.[3] Yaudheyas mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"). It is thought the Yaudheyas had become an independent kingdom at that point.[8] Defeat against the Western Satraps (2nd century CE)Later, the Junagadh rock inscription (c. 150 CE) of Rudradaman I[9] acknowledged the military might of the Yaudheyas "who would not submit because they were proud of their title "heroes among the Kshatriyas"", although the inscription claims that they were ultimately vanquished by Rudradaman.[10][11] {{quote|Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all Kshatriyas.|Junagadh rock inscription[12]}}Kushan EmpireIt is thought that the Kushans then became suzerains of the Yaudheyas when they endeavoured to hold the Mathura area.[13] An indication is the fact that the Kushan ruler Huvishka featured Maaseno on his coins, the Kushan incarnation of the Hindu god Karttikeya, or Skanda, whose epithet was "Mahasena". This god being particularly important to the Yaudheyas, it may have been incorporated into Kushan coinage when the Kushans expanded into Yaudheya territory.[14][13] Feudatories of the Gupta Empire{{main|Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscriptions}}The name of the Yaudheyas is later mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of the Gupta Empire ruler Samudragupta, as submitting to his rule.[15] {{quote|(Lines 22–23) (Samudragupta, whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, Ḍavāka, Kāmarūpa, Nēpāla, and Kartṛipura, and, by the Mālavas, Ārjunāyanas, Yaudhēyas, Mādrakas, Ābhīras, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (tribes)."|Allahabad pillar of Samudragupta}}LegacyAlexander Cunningham hypothesized that the Johiya clan of Rajputs descended from Yaudheyas.[16]Numismatic evidencesThey Yaudheyas only utilized Brahmi script on their coins and seals.[17] Alexander Cunningham divided the Yaudheya coins into two distinctive kinds; the older and smaller class A coins dating from before the 1st century BCE, and the larger Class B coins from the 3rd century CE during the decline of the Indo-Scythian power.[18] Cunningham states that the later coins evidently copied from the Indo-Scythians money. John Allan classified Yaudheya coins into six classes, while Vincent Arthur Smith previously gave three types. The classification used by Allen has been mostly followed by scholars till today. Yaudheya coins were found in the ancient capital of Khokrakot (modern Rohtak), and Naurangabad.[3] Footnotes1. ^1 2 3 “Yaudheyas.” Ancient Communities of the Himalaya, by Dinesh Prasad. Saklani, Indus Pub. Co., 1998, pp. 112–115. 2. ^Smith, V. (1897). Art. XXIX.—The Conquests of Samudra Gupta. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 29(4), 859-910. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0002503X 3. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|last=Sajnani|first=Manohar|date=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178350172}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&pg=PA115&dq=yaudheya+rohtak&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi10sPy8K3fAhUPKa0KHQ7yBWQQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=yaudheya%20rohtak&f=false|title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya|last=Saklani|first=Dinesh Prasad|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870903}} 5. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5MtAAAAMAAJ&q=Bahudhanyaka&dq=Bahudhanyaka&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzyJyRg67fAhVH7qwKHfEnDwEQ6AEIRzAH|title=Studies in the Historical Geography of Ancient India|last=Bharadwaj|first=O. P.|date=1986|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=9788185055893}} 6. ^Pargiter, F.E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1972 pp.109 7. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjT9GG__nEC&pg=PA269&dq=maurya+yaudheya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsgsW8iK7fAhVLvFkKHSxQDSkQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=maurya%20yaudheya&f=false|title=India: From Indus Valley Civlization to Mauryas|last=Gupta|first=Gyan Swarup|date=1999|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170227632}} 8. ^"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India [https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324 p.324]. 9. ^Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I, accessed on 23 March 2007. 10. ^Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", p132 11. ^Rapson, "A catalogue of the Indian coins in the British Museum", p.lx 12. ^Source 13. ^1 Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pratapaditya Pal, University of California Press, 1986, p.78 [https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&pg=PA78] 14. ^[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=231327 Classical Numismatics Group] 15. ^1 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p251] 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA142&dq=alexander+yaudheyas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX-KOR66_fAhWMm-AKHaMiBVsQ6AEIJTAA#v=snippet&q=yaudheyas&f=false|title=Report of a Tour in the Punjab in 1878-79|last=Cunningham|first=Sir Alexander|date=1882|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA26&dq=yaudheya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF3sm-2LTfAhVKneAKHQreAMAQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=yaudheya&f=false|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|last=Bajpai|first=K. D.|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170170358}} 18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA142&dq=alexander+yaudheyas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX-KOR66_fAhWMm-AKHaMiBVsQ6AEIJTAA#v=snippet&q=yaudheyas&f=false|title=Report of a Tour in the Punjab in 1878-79|last=Cunningham|first=Sir Alexander|date=1882|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}} Further reading
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