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词条 Fund of funds
释义

  1. Features

  2. Considerations

  3. Asset allocation

     Target-date fund 

  4. Private equity funds

  5. Fund of hedge funds

  6. Fund of venture capital funds

  7. See also

  8. References

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A "fund of funds" (FOF) is an investment strategy of holding a portfolio of other investment funds rather than investing directly in stocks, bonds or other securities. This type of investing is often referred to as multi-manager investment. A fund of funds may be "fettered", meaning that it invests only in funds managed by the same investment company, or "unfettered", meaning that it can invest in external funds run by other managers.

There are different types of FOF, each investing in a different type of collective investment scheme (typically one type per FOF), for example a mutual fund FOF, a hedge fund FOF, a private equity FOF, or an investment trust FOF.[1] The original Fund of Funds was created by Bernie Cornfeld in 1962. It went bankrupt after being looted by Robert Vesco.[2]

Features

Investing in a collective investment scheme may increase diversity compared with a small investor holding a smaller range of securities directly. Investing in a fund of funds may achieve greater diversification. According to modern portfolio theory, the benefit of diversification can be the reduction of volatility while maintaining average returns. However, this is countered by the increased fees paid both at FOF level and at the level of the underlying investment fund.

Considerations

Management fees for FOFs are typically higher than those on traditional investment funds because they include the management fees charged by the underlying funds.[3]

In its article on Funds of Funds, Investopedia notes that, “Historically, a fund of funds showed an expense figure that didn't always include the fees of the underlying funds. As of January 2007, the SEC began requiring that these fees be disclosed in a line called ‘Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses’ (AFFE).”

[4] [5]

After allocation of the levels of fees payable and taxation, returns on FOF investments will generally be lower than what single-manager funds can yield. However, some FOFs waive the second level of fees (the FOF fee) so that investors only pay the expenses of the underlying mutual funds. [6]

Pension funds, endowments and other institutions often invest in funds of hedge funds for part or all of their "alternative asset" programs, i.e., investments other than traditional stock and bond holdings.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

The due diligence and safety of investing in FOFs has come under question as a result of the Bernie Madoff scandal, where many FOFs put substantial investments into the scheme. It became clear that a motivation for this was the lack of fees by Madoff, which gave the illusion that the FOF was performing well. The due diligence of the FOFs apparently did not include asking why Madoff was not making this charge for his services.[7] 2008 and 2009 saw FOFs take a battering from investors and the media on all fronts from the hollow promises made by over-eager marketers to the strength (or lack) of their due diligence processes to those carefully explained and eminently justifiable extra layers of fees, all reaching their zenith with the Bernie Madoff fiasco.[8]

These strategic and structural issues have caused fund-of-funds to become less and less popular. Nonetheless, fund-for-funds remain important in particular asset classes, including venture capital and for particular investors in order for them to be able to diversify their too low or too high level of assets under management appropriately.[9]

Asset allocation

{{main|Asset allocation}}

The FOF structure may be useful for asset-allocation funds, that is, an "exchange-traded fund (ETF) of ETFs" or "mutual fund of mutual funds". For example, iShares has asset-allocation ETFs, which own other iShares ETFs.[10] Similarly, Vanguard has asset-allocation mutual funds, which own other Vanguard mutual funds. The "parent" funds may own the same "child" funds, with different proportions to allow for "aggressive" to "conservative" allocation. This structure simplifies management by separating allocation from security selection.

Target-date fund

{{main|Target date fund}}

A target-date fund is similar to an asset-allocation fund, except that the allocation is designed to change over time. The same structure is useful here. iShares has target-date ETFs that own other iShares ETFs; Vanguard has target-date mutual funds that own other Vanguard mutual funds. In both cases, the same funds are used as the asset-allocation funds. Since a provider may have many target dates, this can greatly reduce duplication of work.

Private equity funds

According to Preqin (formerly known as Private Equity Intelligence), in 2006, funds investing in other private equity funds (i.e., FOFs, including secondary funds) amounted to 14% of all committed capital in the private equity market. The following ranking of private equity FOF investment managers is based on information published by Private Equity Intelligence:

Rank Name of the firm Currently Committed to PE
(billions of USD) 		Headquarters
1 AlpInvest Partners $42.3Netherlands}} Amsterdam
2 Ardian (formerly AXA Private Equity) $34.9France}} Paris
3 AIG Investments $24.6USA}} New York
4 Goldman Sachs Private Equity Group $24.0USA}} New York
5 Adams Street Partners $24.0USA}} Chicago, Illinois
6 LGT Capital Partners $23.0Switzerland}} Pfaeffikon, Switzerland
7 Pantheon Ventures $22.6UK}} London
8 Pathway Capital Management $20.6USA}} Irvine, California
9 Capital Dynamics $20.0Switzerland}} Zug, Switzerland
10 Partners Group $19.6Switzerland}} Baar-Zug, Switzerland
11 Lehman Brothers $19.0USA}} New York
12 HarbourVest Partners $17.8USA}} Boston, Massachusetts
13 PCG Asset Management $15.0USA}} San Diego, California
14 GCM Grosvenor $14.0USA}} Chicago
15 LGT Capital Partners $13.5Switzerland}} Pfaeffikon, Switzerland
16 Horizon21 Alternative Investments $11.5Switzerland}} Pfaeffikon, Switzerland
17 SL Capital Partners $9.3UK}} Edinburgh
18 Allianz Private Equity Partners $7.9Germany}} Munich
19 Portfolio Advisors $7.5USA}} Darien, Connecticut
20 Commonfund Capital $7.5USA}} Wilton, Connecticut
21 Horsley Bridge Partners $7.1USA}} San Francisco, California
22 SVG Capital $7.0UK}} London
23 European Investment Fund $6.8Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
24 Grove Street Advisors $6.5US}} Boston
25 Macquarie Funds Management Group $6.1Australia}} Sydney
26 Abbott Capital Management $6.0USA}} New York
Source: Preqin (formerly known as Private Equity Intelligence)[11]

According to 2011 Preqin Global Private Equity Report, largest firms by total FOF capital raised in the last ten years ($bn) are:

Rank Name of the firm Total FoF Capital Raise in last 10 years
(billions of USD)		 Location
1 HarbourVest Partners $19.3USA}} United States
2 Adams Street Partners $12.5USA}} United States
3 Pantheon Ventures $12.1UK}} UK
4 Goldman Sachs Private Equity Group $10.9USA}} United States
5 Pathway Capital Management $9.8USA}} United States
6 Commonfund Capital $7.3USA}} United States
7 Siguler Guff $6.8USA}} United States
8 SL Capital Partners $6.7UK}} UK
9 ATP Private Equity Partners $6.5Denmark}} Denmark
10 Partners Group $5.8Switzerland}} Switzerland
Source: Preqin[12]

Fund of hedge funds

A fund of hedge funds is a fund of funds that invests in a portfolio of different hedge funds to provide broad exposure to the hedge fund industry and to diversify the risks associated with a single investment fund. Funds of hedge funds select hedge fund managers and construct portfolios based upon those selections. The fund of hedge funds is responsible for hiring and firing the managers in the fund. Some funds of hedge funds might have only one hedge fund in them, which lets ordinary investors into a highly acclaimed fund, or many hedge funds.

Funds of hedge funds generally charge a fee for their services, always in addition to the hedge fund's management and performance fees, which can be 1.5% and 15-30%, respectively. Fees can reduce an investor's profits and potentially reduce the total return below what could be achieved through a less expensive mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF).

Fund of venture capital funds

A fund of venture capital funds is a fund of funds that invests in a portfolio of different venture capital funds for access to private capital markets. Clients are usually university endowments and pension funds.[13]

See also

  • Collective investment scheme
  • Investment management
  • Manager of managers fund
  • Bernard Cornfeld, operator of perhaps the first "Fund of Funds" from 1962 until its collapse in 1970. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P41ij0GoFL4C&pg=PA445&lpg=PA445&dq=%22fund+of+funds%22+Cornfield&source=web&ots=eQiUj5ihji&sig=5109NV3Sr-uHu6qVIkyogKj2E5I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result].

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url = http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=fund-of-funds|title = Definition of fund of funds|date = 2015-03-08|accessdate = 2015-03-08|website = 'Financial Times Lexicon'|publisher = Financial Times|last = |first = }}
2. ^De Vries, M. F. R. "The entrepreneurial personality: a person at the crossroads." Journal of management studies 14.1 (1977): 34-57.
3. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2009/11/complexity_pays | work=The Economist | title=Complexity pays | date=27 November 2009}}
4. ^(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fundsoffunds.asp#ixzz5NkB3IR54)
5. ^(https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2006/33-8713.pdf)
6. ^(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260019283_Mutual_Fund_Fees_and_Expenses)
7. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2008/12/madoff_money | work=The Economist | title=Madoff money | date=12 December 2008}}
8. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.opalesque.com/54448/Fund%20of%20funds/Dispersion_of_of_returns309.html |title=Fund of funds take a public beating in post-Madoff era |date=28 August 2009|author=Opalesque}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.square1bank.com/fund-funds-venture-work/|title=When Fund-Of-Funds for Venture Work - Square 1 Bank|date=2012-10-09|newspaper=Square 1 Bank|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-12}}
10. ^{{cite web|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|title=iShares Adds Four Allocation ETFs to Core Lineup - Yahoo Finance|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ishares-adds-four-allocation-etfs-170023769.html}}
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618025100/http://www.prequin.com/ Prequin (search for LP League Tables)] . Based on analysis provided by Preqin an independent provider of private equity data and information. "Private Equity Fund of Funds Managers, Located Anywhere, Data for Capital Currently Committed to PE
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618025100/http://www.prequin.com/ Prequin] . Based on analysis provided by Preqin an independent provider of private equity data and information. "The 2011 Private Equity Report. - Fund of Fund Managers Key Stats and Facts”
13. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.truebridgecapital.com/News.aspx |title=Market Analysis: State of the Venture Capital Industry |date=27 August 2009|author=TrueBridge}}
{{refbegin}}
  • "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060214180726/http://www.altassets.com/casefor/sectors/2003/nz3258.php Private equity fund of funds]." AltAssets, 08/01/2003
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213082551/http://www.altassets.com/pdfs/FW-280-0609.pdf Investing in Private Equity through a Fund of Funds]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070204024412/http://www.altassets.com/pdfs/piper_jaffray2004.pdf ALTERNATIVE ASSETS—PRIVATE EQUITY FUND OF FUNDS]
  • Hedge Fund of Funds - Strategy Definitions
{{refend}}
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