词条 | Yorta Yorta |
释义 |
The Yorta Yorta, also known as Jotijota,{{efn|The presence of the "r" in the first term does not indicate the presence of a Rhotic consonant, but probably merely indicates a vowel quality similar to the aw sound in yawn{{sfn|Bowe|Morey|1999|p=3}}}} are an indigenous Australian people who have traditionally inhabited the area surrounding the junction of the Goulburn and Murray Rivers in present-day north-eastern Victoria and southern New South Wales. NameAs was customary with many tribal names in the Murray basin – Wemba-Wemba, Latjilatji, Muthi Muthi, Nari-Nari and so on – the Yorta ethnonym is derived from reduplicating their word for "no" (yota/yoda).{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=41}}{{sfn|Bowe|Morey|1999|p=3}} LanguageThe Yorta Yorta language may be a language isolate within the Pama-Nyungan language family,{{sfn|Bowe|Morey|1999|p=4}} though it is often treated as a member of the Yotayotic branch of that family along with Yabula Yabula, which is not particularly close. It is a dialect continuum of closely related languages traditionally spoken on either side of the Murray River from west of Echuca to east of the Cobram/Tocumwal area, and south-east along the Goulburn River as far as the Mooroopna/Shepparton. It was a first language for many of these groups down to around 1960 but elements of the language are still transmitted in families by descendants to this day.{{sfn|Bowe|Morey|1999|p=1}} It shares few similarities in vocabulary with the languages used by neighbouring tribes, and lexically seems closest to Pallanganmiddang.{{sfn|Bowe|Morey|1999|p=4}} Social organizationThe Yorta Yorta were divided into clans, of which the names of ten were enumerated by Edward Micklethwaite Curr based on the situation in the 1840s:-
The numbers may well estimate the historic population, since evidence from oven mounds in the area suggested a higher population density in former times, and it is known that the area was ravaged by smallpox epidemics. HistoryIn modern times, the Yorta Yorta comprise a number of historically distinct tribes, as well as clans and family groups descending directly from the original Yorta Yorta. Tribes that now come under the general umbrella term of Yorta Yorta include the Bangerang and Kwatkwat. Clans groups represented include the Kailtheban, Wollithiga, Moira, Ulupna, Yalaba Yalaba, and Ngurai-illiam-wurrung.{{sfn|Yorta Yorta Co-operative Management Agreement}} Native title claim{{main|Yorta Yorta v Victoria}}In a Native title claim submitted in 1995 by the Yorta Yorta people, it was determined by Justice Olney in 1998 that the "tide of history" had "washed away" any real acknowledgement of traditional laws and any real observance of traditional customs by the applicants.{{sfn|AustLII|1998}} An appeal was made to the full bench of the Federal Court on the grounds that "the trial judge erroneously adopted a 'frozen in time' approach" and "failed to give sufficient recognition to the capacity of traditional laws and customs to adapt to changed circumstances". The Appeal was dismissed in a majority 2 to 1 decision.{{sfn|AustLII|2001}} The case was taken on appeal to the High Court of Australia but also dismissed in a 5 to 2 majority ruling in December 2002.{{sfn|AustLII|2002}}{{sfn|The World Today|2002}} In response to the failed native title claim, in May 2004 the Victorian State Government led by Premier Steve Bracks signed an historic co-operative management agreement with the Yorta Yorta people covering public land, rivers and lakes in north-central Victoria. The agreement gives the Yorta Yorta people a say in the management of traditional country including the Barmah State Park, Barmah State Forest, Kow Swamp and public land along the Murray and Goulburn rivers. Ultimate decision making responsibility was retained by the Environment Minister.{{sfn|Shiel|2004}} Prominent people
MusicThe track "Ngarra Burra Ferra" sung by indigenous artist Jessica Mauboy, from the 2012 hit film The Sapphires, is a song based on the traditional Aboriginal hymn "Bura Fera". The song is in the Yorta Yorta language and speaks of God's help in decimating Pharaoh's armies. The chorus, "Ngara burra ferra yumini yala yala", translates into English as "The Lord God drowned all Pharaoh's armies, hallelujah!" These lyrics are based on an ancient song in Jewish tradition known as the "Song of the Sea" from the Book of Exodus. Aboriginal communities of Victoria and southern New South Wales may be the only people in the world who still sing the piece (in Yorta Yorta).{{sfn|towalkwithyou.com|2013}} Social organizationThe Yorta Yorta comprised several clans of which the following are known:{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=194}}
Alternative names
See also
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|35em}}
| last = Barnett | first = Laura | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/22/deborah-cheetham-aboriginal-opera-singer | date = 22 October 2013 | ref = harv }}
| last = Blandowski | first = W. von | author-link = William Blandowski | journal = Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Victoria | year = 1858 | volume = 2 | pages = 124–127 | url = http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/139991 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Bowe | first1 = Heather | last2 = Morey | first2 = Stephen | year = 1999 | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | url = https://www.academia.edu/29087792/The_Yorta_Yorta_Bangerang_language_of_the_Murray_Goulburn_including_Yabula_Yabula | isbn = 978-0-858-83513-9 | ref = harv }}
| last = Curr | first = Edward Micklethwaite | author-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | year = 1887 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 3 | pages = 567–592 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei02currgoog/australianracei02currgoog.pdf | chapter-format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| newspaper = The Argus | location = Melbourne | page = 3 | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12072785 | via = National Library of Australia | date = 7 December 1938 | access-date = 25 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|The Argus|1938}} }}
| last = Goldberg | first = Dan | newspaper = Haaretz | url = https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-aborigines-denounce-nazis-74-years-on-1.5270435 | date = 10 December 2012 | ref = harv }}
| website = We Want To Walk With You | url = http://towalkwithyou.com/the-lyrics-to-bura-fera/ | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170410143250/http://towalkwithyou.com:80/the-lyrics-to-bura-fera/ | date = 13 September 2013 | access-date = 26 April 2014 | archive-date = 10 April 2017 | ref = {{harvid|towalkwithyou.com|2013}} }}
| source = FCA | num = 1606 | year = 1998 | courtname = auto | date = 18 December 1998 | ref = {{harvid|AustLII|1998}} }}.
| source = FCA | num = 45 | year = 2001 | courtname = Federal Court (Full Court) (Australia) | date = 8 February 2001 | ref = {{harvid|AustLII|2001}} }}.
| source = HCA | num = 58 | year = 2002 | courtname = auto | parallelcite = (2002) 214 CLR 422 | date = 12 December 2002 | ref = {{harvid|AustLII|2002}} }}.
| last = Shiel | first = Fergus | newspaper = The Age | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/30/1083224579722.html | date = 1 May 2004 | access-date = 11 September 2011 | ref = harv }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jotijota.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = Australian Football League | url = http://afl.com.au/Season2007/News/NewsArticle/tabid/208/Default.aspx?newsId%3D53943 | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164533/http://www.afl.com.au/Season2007/News/NewsArticle/tabid/208/Default.aspx?newsId=53943 | date = 30 November 2007 | access-date = 30 November 2007 | archive-date = 6 June 2012 | ref = {{harvid|AFL|2007}} }}
| last = Yaxley | first = Louise | work = The World Today | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url = http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s746029.htm | date = 12 December 2002 | access-date = 11 September 2012 | ref = {{harvid|The World Today|2002}} }}
| url = http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenlwm.nsf/LinkView/7FA349BEAE0F5A3FCA256E8D00210309A4AD52AC7C448F1A4A256DEA0024EDD2 | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060913195148/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenlwm.nsf/LinkView/7FA349BEAE0F5A3FCA256E8D00210309A4AD52AC7C448F1A4A256DEA0024EDD2 | archive-date = 13 September 2006 | ref = {{harvid|Yorta Yorta Co-operative Management Agreement}} }}{{refend}} External links
3 : Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales|Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)|Murray River |
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