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词条 Yugoslav Left
释义

  1. Ideology

  2. History

  3. International cooperation

  4. Voter base

  5. Presidents of the Yugoslav Left (1994–2003)

  6. Electoral results

     Serbian Parliamentary elections  Montenegrin Parliamentary elections 

  7. References

  8. Sources

{{Infobox political party
|name=Yugoslav Left
|native_name=Jugoslovenska Levica
|logo=
|colorcode={{Yugoslav Left/meta/color}}
|president = Ljubiša Ristić (1995–2002)
{{nowrap|Mirjana Marković}} (2002–2003)
|general_secretary = Ratko Krsmanović
|foundation= 23 July 1994
|dissolution = 12 April 2010
|ideology= Communism[1]
Democratic socialism
Yugoslavism
Serbian nationalism[2][3]
|position=Left-wing
|seats1_title=
|seats1=
|headquarters= Venizelosova 31, Belgrade
|international=
|website= [https://web.archive.org/web/20000902233920/http://www.jul.org.yu/indexyu.htm jul.org.yu]
|country=Yugoslavia}}

The Yugoslav Left (Serbo-Croatian: Југословенска Левица, ЈУЛ / Jugoslovenska Levica; JUL) was a left-wing political party in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[4] At its peak, the party had 20 seats in Republic of Serbia's National Assembly following the 1997 general election.

Ideology

JUL declared itself to be a party of all "left-wing and progressive forces that believed that the general interest always comes above private interest", including communists, socialists, social democrats, and democratic socialists.[4]

History

The party was formed in 1994 by merging 19 left-wing parties, led by the League of Communists – Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ). It was led by Mirjana Marković, originally holding the title of President of the Directorate.

Unlike the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) and its ally the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) which were direct descendants of the League of Communists of Serbia and Montenegro respectively, the Yugoslav Left was an all-Yugoslavian party with members from both constituent bodies.[5]

Despite these differences, the JUL and the SPS collaborated closely. The JUL generally did not take part in elections separately. Several members of the SPS crossed the floor to JUL at some stage.[6]

On 24 and 25 March 1995, the party held its 1st Congress at the Sava Center in Belgrade, and theatre director Ljubiša Ristić was elected President.{{sfn|Thomas|1999|pp=225-6}}

In 1996, the JUL joined the Left Coalition with the SPS and New Democracy. Following the 1997 election, the party had 20 MPs and representatives in various local assemblies. It held five ministerial posts in the second cabinet of Mirko Marjanović.

At the 2nd Congress in Kragujevac on 6 April 2002, Marković was elected President of the Yugoslav Left.[7]

It had a minimal presence in Montenegrin politics. At its peak, the JUL was part of the Patriotic Coalition for Yugoslavia in the 2002 election with the People's Socialist Party of Montenegro, and the Serbian Radical Party. The coalition won less than 3% of the vote and no seats.

In the 2003 election in Serbia, the JUL received only 0.1% of the vote.[8]

The party officially ceased to exist on 12 April 2010. Its properties and some activities are carried on by the Better Serbia non-governmental organization, led by Dragana Kuzmanović-Janičić.[9]

International cooperation

The JUL visited the gatherings of several left-wing political groups in Europe and worldwide. It held ties with the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of Cuba and the Workers' Party of Korea.[6]

Voter base

Its social base was mainly amongst peasants and pauperized workers, but it also had members from the so-called nouveau riche of Serbia during Slobodan Milošević's terms in office, and many high-ranked civil servants and army staff. During the 1990s, opponents of Milošević's government sometimes referred to the JUL "a branch of Communist Party of China in Yugoslavia".[6]

Presidents of the Yugoslav Left (1994–2003)

No.|Number President Birth–Death Term start Term end
1 Nenad Đorđević 1949– 23 July 1994 25 March 1995
2 Ljubiša Ristić 1947– 25 March 1995 4 April 2002
3 Mirjana Marković 1942– 4 April 2002 March 2003
(de facto)

Electoral results

Serbian Parliamentary elections

Year Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalitions Government
1997 1,418,036 34.26%20|250|red}} {{increase}} 20 Left Coalitiongovernment}}
2000 14,324 0.38%0|250|red}} {{decrease}} 20non-parliamentary
2003 3,771 0.09%0|250|red}} {{steady}}non-parliamentary

Montenegrin Parliamentary elections

Year Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalitions Government
1996 1,668 0.55%0|250|red}} {{steady}}non-parliamentary
1998 345 0.10%0|250|red}} {{steady}}non-parliamentary
2001 190 0.05%0|250|red}} {{steady}}non-parliamentary
2002 9,911 2.84%0|250|red}} {{steady}} Patriotic Coalition for Yugoslavianon-parliamentary

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/06/yugoslavia-milosevic-revolution-2000|title=Yugoslavia's hated regime crumbles |website=Guardian|first=Jonathon |last=Steele|year=2000|accessdate=9 January 2018}}
2. ^{{Cite book |first= John |last=Breuilly |title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2013 |page=527}}
3. ^{{Cite book |first= Zagorka |last=Golubović |title=Politika i svakodnevni život: Srbija 1999-2002 |publisher=IFDT |year=2003 |page=225}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era|author=Janusz Bugajski|publisher=The Center for Strategic and International Studies|location=Armonk, New York, USA|page=407}}
5. ^Yugoslav Left leader: "All people in Yugoslavia should live together"{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Yugoslav Left |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302213219/https://freeserb.home.xs4all.nl/politics/e-jul.html |website=Free Serbia |accessdate=28 March 2019 |date=10 December 1999}}
7. ^{{cite news |title=MIRJANA MARKOVIC IZABRANA ZA PREDSEDNICU JUL-A |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2002&mm=04&dd=06&nav_category=1&nav_id=57898 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |agency=B92 |date=6 April 2002 |language=Serbian}}
8. ^Broad Left entry on JUL {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190009/http://www.broadleft.org/yu.htm |date=March 3, 2016 }}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Mira Marković danas nema šanse kao politički lider|url=https://www.srbijadanas.com/clanak/miru-markovic-danas-ne-bi-niko-podrzao-kao-politickog-lidera-28-03-2015|website=srbijadanas.com|publisher=Srbija Danas|accessdate=20 March 2018|date=28 March 2015}}

Sources

{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Robert |title=Serbia Under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s |date=1999 |publisher=Hurst & Company |location=London |isbn=1-85065-341-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih_Is_q4Rz8C |accessdate=4 April 2019| ref=harv}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090519095942/http://www.pravda.rs/kolumne/1398/23-ul M. Marković interview on the party (2008)] {{sr icon}}
{{Serbian political parties}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Yugoslav Left}}

10 : 1994 establishments in Yugoslavia|Communist parties in Montenegro|Communist parties in Serbia|Defunct political parties in Montenegro|Defunct political parties in Serbia|Political parties disestablished in 2010|Political parties established in 1994|Political parties in Yugoslavia|Socialist Party of Serbia|Yugoslavism
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