| 词条 | Zapaleri |
| 释义 |
| name = Zapaleri | photo =Volcan_Zapaleri_Chile_Bolivia_Argentina.jpg | photo_caption = | elevation_m = 5653 | elevation_ref = | location = Argentina-Bolivia-Chile | range = Andes | coordinates = {{coord|22|48|57|S|67|10|48|W|type:mountain}} | type = | age = | last_eruption = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = | map_image = SRTM-W70.50E67.00S23.00N22.00.Calama.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Zapaleri, right down on the map }}Zapaleri is a volcano whose summit is the tripoint of the borders of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. A number of railways are in the area.[1] It is part of Potosí Department (Bolivia), Jujuy Province (Argentina), and Antofagasta Region (Chile).{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The volcano formed on top of the 2.89 mya Tara Ignimbrite from the Guacha caldera[2] and the basement beneath the volcano is formed from Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks affected by tectonic deformation. Volcanic rocks are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyolite. Late Cretaceous rocks are also found in the area,[3] as are Pleistocene shoshonite volcanic rocks.[4] The Bolivian portion of the mountain is protected within Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve. Moreover, it is close to the sector Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes of Los Flamencos National Reserve, Chile.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Zapaleri is associated with a major source of obsidian,[5] with a distribution sphere found in archeological sites over {{convert|350|km}} wide.[6] The obsidian is found on the Bolivian side of the border next to Laguna Blanca. Another source is found on Solterio Mountain.[7] Inca and earlier archeological remains are associated with the obsidian sites.[8] References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Benedetti|first1=Alejandro|title=El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes|journal=Revista Escuela de Historia|date=December 2005|issue=4|pages=123–165|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1669-90412005000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt|accessdate=17 January 2016|language=es|issn=1669-9041}} }}{{Jujuy-geo-stub}}{{Potosí-geo-stub}}{{Antofagasta-geo-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ort|first1=Michael H.|last2=de Silva|first2=Shanaka L.|last3=Jiménez C.|first3=Néstor|last4=Jicha|first4=Brian R.|last5=Singer|first5=Bradley S.|title=Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|date=January 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=141–157|doi=10.1029/2012GC004276}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes|date=1994|publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3-322-85472-8|page=229|doi=10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5|chapter=Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S|last1=Bogdanic|first1=T. C.|last2=Espinoza|first2=S. R.}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Coira|first1=Beatríz|last2=Davidson|first2=John|last3=Mpodozis|first3=Constantino|last4=Ramos|first4=Victor|author-link3=Constantino Mpodozis|author-link4=Víctor Alberto Ramos|title=Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|date=November 1982|volume=18|issue=3–4|pages=303–332|doi=10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Latorre|first1=Claudio|last2=Santoro|first2=Calogero M.|last3=Ugalde|first3=Paula C.|last4=Gayo|first4=Eugenia M.|last5=Osorio|first5=Daniela|last6=Salas-Egaña|first6=Carolina|last7=De Pol-Holz|first7=Ricardo|last8=Joly|first8=Delphine|last9=Rech|first9=Jason A.|title=Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=October 2013|volume=77|pages=19–30|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Malainey|first1=Mary E.|title=A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-5704-7|pages=275–289|edition=1st|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18|chapter=Flaked and Ground Stone Tools|series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Yacobaccio|first1=Hugo D|last2=Escola|first2=Patricia S|last3=Pereyra|first3=Fernando X|last4=Lazzari|first4=Marisa|last5=Glascock|first5=Michael D|title=Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=February 2004|volume=31|issue=2|pages=193–204|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Seelenfreund|first1=Andrea|last2=Pino|first2=Mario|last3=Glascock|first3=Michael D.|last4=Sinclaire|first4=Carole|last5=Miranda|first5=Pedro|last6=Pasten|first6=Denisse|last7=Cancino|first7=Simón|last8=Dinator|first8=María Inés|last9=Morales|first9=José Roberto|title=Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna|journal=Geoarchaeology|date=March 2010|volume=25|issue=2|pages=245–263|doi=10.1002/gea.20306}} 12 : Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region|Volcanoes of Potosí Department|Landforms of Jujuy Province|Mountains of Argentina|Mountains of Chile|Headlands of Chile|Argentina–Chile border|Bolivia–Chile border|Argentina–Bolivia border|International mountains of South America|Border tripoints|Five-thousanders of the Andes |
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