“Zarafa (giraffe)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The giraffe known today as Zarafa was a present to Charles X of France from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha. In 1824, the army of the Sultan of Turkey was engaged in fighting in the Greek War of Independence, and Sultan Mahmud II called upon the Pasha to send troops in support. The Greeks were supported by France. Bernardino Drovetti, the French consul-general in Egypt, persuaded the Pasha that an extraordinary present would encourage the King of France to stop supporting the Greeks.

As a young animal, she was captured by Arab hunters near Sennar in Sudan and first taken by camel, then sailed by felucca on the Blue Nile to Khartoum. From there she was transported down the Nile on a specially constructed barge to Alexandria.^[3] She was accompanied by three cows that provided her with 25 litres of milk each day.

From Alexandria, she embarked on a ship to Marseilles, with an Arab groom, Hassan, and Drovetti's Sudanese servant, Atir.^[4] Because of her height, a hole was cut through the deck above the cargo hold through which she could poke her neck. After a voyage of 32 days, she arrived in Marseilles on 31 October 1826. Fearing the dangers of transporting her by boat to Paris around the Iberian peninsula and up the Atlantic coast of France to the Seine, it was decided that she should walk the 900 km to Paris.

She over-wintered in Marseilles, where she was joined by the naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire for the walk. He ordered a two-part yellow coat to keep her warm, and shoes for her feet. She set out on 20 May 1827,^[4] already 15 cm taller than when she arrived in Marseilles. She was accompanied by her cows and Saint-Hilaire, then aged 55, who walked with her. The trip to Paris took 41 days. She was a spectacle in each town she passed through, Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Orange, Montelimar and Vienne. She arrived in Lyon on 6 June, where she was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of 30,000.

She was presented to the King at the chateau of Saint-Cloud in Paris on 9 July 1827, and took up residence in the Jardin des Plantes. Now standing nearly 4 m high, Zarafa's arrival in Paris caused a sensation. Over 100,000 people came to see her, approximately an eighth of the population of Paris at the time. Honoré de Balzac wrote a story about her; Gustave Flaubert (then a young child) travelled from Rouen to see her. La mode à la girafe swept the nation; hair was arranged in towering styles, spotted fabrics were all the rage. The Journal des Dames reported that the color known as "belly of giraffe" became extremely popular.^[5] Porcelain and other ceramics were painted with giraffe images. She was painted by Nicolas Huet,^[5] Jacques Raymond Brascassat and many others.

Zarafa remained in Paris for a further 18 years until her death, attended to the end by Atir. Her corpse was stuffed and displayed in the foyer of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris for many years, before being moved to the Museum of Natural History of La Rochelle, where it remains.

Names

According to Saint-Hilaire, she was called le bel animal du roi ("The Beautiful Animal of the King") during her trip from Marseille to Paris^[6] and she was dubbed la Belle Africaine ("the Beautiful African") by contemporary press. La Gazette referred to her as "her Highness" (pun intended).{{efn|"Her Highness was to be presented to his Majesty! how little the king must have looked by a lady 14 feet high! What the ceremonial was I cannot say, but I really believe her Highness was guilty of lèse-majesté — the treason of looking down upon a king, the monarch of the great nation; but her Highness is unbendable by nature, and she has a quality very rare and estimable in the female sex, as all married men will allow; she is mute."^[7]{{better source|date=August 2017}} }}

The name "Zarafa" was given to her by American author Michael Allin in his 1998 book Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris. Zarafa, meaning "charming" or "lovely one" in Arabic, is a phonetic variant of the Arabic word for giraffe: zerafa.^[8]{{efn|See also Heather J. Sharkey "La Belle Africaine: The Sudanese Giraffe Who Went to France"^[9] Sharkey misreads Dardaud, who did not use the name "Zarafa" in his 1985 text.}}{{efn|Another Arabic homophonous word, means "charming" or "lovely one" was referenced by Allin as relating to the name, but it was later noted that both words are spelled with different Arabic letters.^[10]}} Olivier Lebleu, author of the new preface to the second edition (2007) of the French journalist Gabriel Dardaud's book Une giraffe pour le roi (the first modern full-length work about France's first giraffe) has taken up the name "Zarafa," as have several other recent authors, including Lebleu himself in his 2006 book Les Avatars de Zarafa. In addition, the eponymous 2012 French animation film, Zarafa uses the name; and even the museum in La Rochelle, where her mounted remains still greet visitors, now refers to her by the name Zarafa.^[11]

Other giraffe gifts by Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali Pasha also sent two other giraffes as gifts in 1827, one to George IV of the United Kingdom in London and the other to Francis I of Austria in Vienna. Like the giraffe sent to France, both inspired giraffe crazes in their respective cities. The Austrian giraffe joined the Emperor's menagerie at Schönbrunn Palace but survived for less than one year. Nevertheless, it lived on in the form of Giraffeln pastries, served until the beginning of the First World War, and Giraffentorten (giraffe cakes) which still can be found.^[12]^[13] The English giraffe (or "cameleopard", echoing the terminology used by Pliny) joined the embryonic London Zoo in Regent's Park. It was painted as The Nubian Giraffe in 1827 by Jacques-Laurent Agasse, in an image that includes Edward Cross and, in the background, the giraffe's milk cows from Egypt. The English giraffe survived for less than two years, and was stuffed by John Gould.

References

1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=p3QCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA211&lr=&as_brr=3&output=html « Quelques considérations sur la Girafe »], in Audouin, Brongniard et Dumas (dir.), « Annales des sciences naturelles », tome 11, Paris, Crochard, 1827, p.211
2. ^{{cite web|last1=McCouat|first1=Philip|title=The art of giraffe diplomacy|url=http://www.artinsociety.com/the-art-of-giraffe-diplomacy.html|website=Journal of ART in SOCIETY|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=McCouat |first1=Philip |title=The art of giraffe diplomacy |journal=Journal of Art in Society |url=http://www.artinsociety.com/the-art-of-giraffe-diplomacy.html |language=en}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Allin|first1=Michael|title=Book Excerpt: 'Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5299974|website=NPR.org|accessdate=19 April 2017|language=en|date=March 31, 2006}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Werlin|first1=Katy|title=The Fashion Historian: La Mode à la Girafe|url=http://www.thefashionhistorian.com/2014/12/la-mode-la-girafe.html|website=The Fashion Historian|accessdate=16 April 2017}}
6. ^Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p3QCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&lr=&as_brr=3&output=html « Quelques considérations sur la Girafe »], in Audouin, Brongniard et Dumas (dir.), « Annales des sciences naturelles », tome 11, Paris, Crochard, 1827, p.213
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Walton|first1=Geri|title=Belle Africaine: The First Giraffe In France - Geri Walton|url=https://www.geriwalton.com/the-first-giraffe-in-france/|accessdate=8 August 2017|date=21 October 2016}}
8. ^Michael Allin, Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris, Walker and Company, 1998, 215 p. ({{ISBN|0-8027-1339-4}}), p. 5.
9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sharkey|first1=Heather J.|title=La Belle Africaine: The Sudanese Giraffe who went to France|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=49|pages=39–65|doi=10.1080/00083968.2015.1043712|date=2 January 2015|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/nelc_papers/7}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/429/bk8_429.htm|title=Journey of a giraffe|author=Denys Johnson-Davies|date=13–19 May 1999|newspaper=Al-Ahram Weekly No.429|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921203139/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/429/bk8_429.htm|archivedate=21 September 2012|df=}}
11. ^See the museum's website, http://www.museum-larochelle.fr/visites/parcours.html
12. ^{{cite web|last1=Lebleu|first1=Olivier|title=Long-necked diplomacy: the tale of the third giraffe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/animal-magic/2016/jan/11/long-necked-diplomacy-third-giraffe-austria|website=The Guardian|accessdate=17 April 2017|date=11 January 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Giraffe Cake|url=http://www.winterthur-tourismus.ch/en/giraffentorte|website=winterthur-tourismus.ch|accessdate=17 April 2017|language=de}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Biography

Names

Other giraffe gifts by Muhammad Ali

References

Further reading

External links