| 词条 | Zhangmu | |||||
| 释义 |
|name=Zhangmu Town |other_name= འགྲམ། |official_name=樟木镇 |settlement_type=Town |image_skyline = |image_size = 300px |image_caption =Zhangmu |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map=Tibet |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name ={{flag|China}} |subdivision_type1=Province |subdivision_name1=Tibet Autonomous Region |subdivision_type2=Prefecture |subdivision_name2=Shigatse Prefecture |subdivision_type3=County |subdivision_name3=Nyalam County |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = CST |utc_offset = +8 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|27|59|24|N|85|58|48|E|region:CN|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }}{{chinese |tib=འགྲམ། |wylie='gram |zwpy=Zhamv |thdl=Dram |c=樟木 |p=Zhāngmù |nep=खासा (Khasa) |l=neighbor in Tibetan[1] }} Zhangmu (also from Tibetan as Dram or Zham, from Nepali as Khasa[1]) is a customs town and port of entry located in Nyalam County on the Nepal-China border, just uphill and across the Bhote Koshi River from the Nepalese town of Kodari. At {{convert|2300|m|ft}} above sea level, Zhangmu has mild and humid subtropical climate, which is a rarity for Tibet. HistoryIn ancient times, Kodari, the Nepalese village on the other side, was the starting point of a trans-Himalayan caravan route. Newar traders headed north from Kodari and after crossing Kuti pass turned east to continue their journey across the Tibetan Plateau to Lhasa. The construction of the {{convert|115|km}} Kathmandu-Kodari Road occurred during the 1963-67 period. It was named China National Highway 318 in China and Araniko Highway in Nepal. China has long planned and discussed building a railway connecting Lhasa with Zhangmu on the Nepal-China border, from 2008 onwards. It would be an extension of the {{convert|1956|km}} Qinghai-Tibet Railway.[2][3][4] However, as of late 2018, its quite clear China is waiting for Nepalese government to actually seriously commit to a railway from there to Kathmandu through mountainous terrain, which is anticipated to take at least 9 years to build. (The Chinese side of the route, 500 km, is essentially unpopulated) Therefore, any railway connecting the current terminus at Xigaze to Kathmandu would be unlikely before 2030.[5] In 2012, China signed agreement with Nepal to make this one of six ports of entries between Nepal and China.[6] Zhangmu was evacuated after being damaged by the 2015 earthquakes, which also closed the route between Nepal and China (TAS region).[1] By 2016, it was still a ghost town and trading had not returned to previous level.[1] As of mid-2016, the crossing is still closed with traffic tending to pass through Gyirong Town and (on the Nepalese side) past Rasuwa Fort further west along the border.[7] Chinese and Nepali officials met in December 2016 to discuss potential reopening of Zhangmu port in 2017, which was blocked by progress of road construction.[8] TransportZhangmu is just north of and above the Friendship Bridge border crossing where China National Highway 318 becomes Araniko Highway and immediately passes Kodari village in Sindhupalchok District en route to Kathmandu. Before the earthquake, tourists traveling between Nepal and the Tibet made substantial use of this crossing, and there was also substantial trans-border trade. Chinese trucks traveling on the Tibet-Nepal Friendship Highway offload goods at Zhangmu and transfer them to Nepalese trucks. Even though the drive between Zhangmu and Kathmandu is only 5[9] hours, the sourcing logistics and bureaucracy of cross-border trade takes around 2 weeks, as such in 2013 it takes each Nepalese truck almost half a month for a round trip.[10] GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 {{Cite web| title = Bordering on helplessness| last = Xu| first = Xiaotong| last2 = Liang| first2 = Siran| work = Atavist| date = 2015-12-18| accessdate = 2017-02-07| url = https://nepalitimes.atavist.com/bordering-on-helplessness| quote = }} {{coord|27.99|N|85.98|E|display=title}}2. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/kodari-road-implications-for-nepal-china-and-india-3500.html |title = Kodari Road – Implications for Nepal, China and Inda| publisher=Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies | accessdate = 2012-01-02 }} 3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE15Df01.html |title = Nepal to get China rail link | publisher= Asia Times, 15 May 2008 | accessdate = 2012-01-02 }} 4. ^{{cite web| url = http://yolearnchinese.com/archives/new-railroads-in-tibet-open-up-economic-possibilities | title = New Railroads in Tibet open up economic opportunities | last = | first = | work = | publisher = Yo! Learn Chinese! 6 September 2009 | accessdate= 2012-04-13 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://setopati.net/social/133543|title=Kerung-Kathmandu railway should be built with Chinese grant: Minister Gyawali - Setopati - Nepal's Digital Newspaper|website=setopati.net}} 6. ^{{Cite web| title = 中华人民共和国政府和尼泊尔政府关于边境口岸及其管理制度的协定| trans-title = China-Nepal Agreement on Port of Entry| author = | publisher = Chinese Embassy in Nepal| date = 2012-01-14| accessdate = 2017-02-10| url = http://np.chineseembassy.org/chn/zngxs/zywj/t1059642.htm| language = zh| quote = }} 7. ^{{Cite news| title = Coming soon the tibet train| last = Rai| first = Om Astha| newspaper = Nepali Times| date = 17–23 June 2016| accessdate = 2017-02-13| url = http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/Tibet-train-Nepal,3102| language = | quote = }} 8. ^{{Cite web| title = Zhangmu Port May Reopen in 2017-Tibet Travel News, Tibet Travel Blog| first = Helen| author = Jiao| work = Tibet Travel Agency| date = December 30, 2016| accessdate = 2018-01-28| url = https://www.tibettravelexpert.com/zhangmu-port-reopen/| quote = On December 12, 2016, the representatives of China and Nepal held a meeting on reopening Zhangmu Port. The Nepalese official said that the 15km road from Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge to Zhangmu Town was under quick development. He hoped that after the completion, the port could reopen.}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vehiclerentalnepal.com/trip-packages/kathmandu-kodari-trip.html|title=Kathmandu Kodari Trip by Car, Jeep, Van, Bus - Nepal Overland Vehicle Service|website=www.vehiclerentalnepal.com}} 10. ^1 {{Cite episode| title = 318国道终点站--樟木| trans-title = Terminus of G318 Highway — Zhangmu| author = | network = China Central Television| series = Yuanfang De Jia| season = 北纬30°·中国行| number = 184| date = 2013-03-19| accessdate = 2017-02-14| url = http://tv.cntv.cn/video/C22432/bfb0662b6318424ab496ad4a752c7fc7| quote = }} External links
4 : Populated places in Shigatse|China–Nepal border crossings|Township-level divisions of Tibet|Nyalam County |
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