“Zhao Rukuo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Zhao Rukuo^[1]^[2] ({{zh|t=趙汝适|s=赵汝适|p=Zhào Rǔkuò}}; 1170–1231), also written as Chau Ju-Kua^[3]/Chou Ju-kua/Zhao Rugua,^[4] or misread as Zhao Rushi,^[5] is a Song dynasty official who wrote a two-volume book titled Zhu Fan Zhi. The book deals with the world known to the Chinese in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries;^[6] the first volume is a list of foreign places with descriptions of each place and the customs of its local people.^[7] The second volume is a catalog of trade goods.

Biography

Zhao was a member of the Song Dynasty imperial clan, an eighth-generation descendant of Emperor Taizong in the lineage through the younger brother of Emperor Zhenzong.^[8]^[9] He was born in Tiantai County in Taizhou, Zhejiang in 1170.^[10] He began his career as a bureaucrat in 1190, and rose through the rank. In 1224, he was appointed the supervisor of maritime trade (市舶司, shibosi) in Quanzhou, Fujian province.^[11] He also held the posts of prefect for Quanzhou as well the southern administrator.^[12] He died in 1231 and was buried in Linhai County in Zhejiang.^[10]

Zhu Fan Zhi

While working in Fujian, Zhao noted the commodities from various countries, and he had the opportunity to meet foreign merchants from whom he gathered information on various countries around the world. He also studied maps, and with the information that he collected, he wrote the book, which he finished around 1225.^[8] Many entries of Zhu Fan Zhi take information from an older work from 1178, Lingwai Daida by another geographer, Zhou Qufei ({{zh|t=周去非|p=Zhōu Qùfēi|w=Chou Ch'ü-fei}}). However, a significant part of the book came from what he gathered from foreign and Chinese traders.^[8]

Although Zhao had not travelled outside of China, the book contained valuable information on various countries in the 13th century for modern scholars.^[13]The countries ranged from those nearby such as Japan, to the various kingdoms in South East Asia, such as Srivijaya and Bruneian Empire, places in India, to the Islamic heartland of Arabia and Mecca, as well as countries in Africa, and as far as southern Spain.^[14]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv5skyrvzP4C&pg=PR41#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-century China|author= Chengda Fan, James M Hargett |publisher=University of Washington Press |date= 2011 |isbn=978-0295990798 }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhao-Rukuo |title=Zhao Rukuo |work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B31403797/ |title=CHAU-JU-KUA: His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled chu-fan-chi (scanned version in PDF format) |authors=Chau-Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth and W.W. Rockhill (translators) }}
4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-8gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia|author= Hyunhee Park |pages=50–52 |isbn= 978-1107018686 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2012}}
5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g8bzU2lYjsC&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China|author= Zheng Yangwen |page=209 |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-9004194779 }}
6. ^{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E5D91139E633A2575AC2A9649D946396D6CF |title=Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago; Chau-Ju-Kua's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century, Now First Translated, Give a "Description of Barbarous Peoples Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors |date= December 29, 2012 |newspaper=New York Times}}
7. ^{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | page = 186 | isbn =9780824803681 }}
8. ^¹²{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xuq7QCmY6jQC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=A History of Overseas Chinese in Africa to 1911|author=Anshan Li |page=30 |publisher= Diasporic Africa Press |date=6 April 2012 |isbn=978-0966020106 }}
9. ^{{cite book |title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work On The Chinese And Arab Trade In The Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï |author= Friedrich Hirth, William Woodville Rockhill |url= https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n49/mode/2up |page=35 }}
10. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn:88/showtext.asp?ToBook=3222&index=4402& |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915195631/http://www.fjsq.gov.cn:88/showtext.asp?ToBook=3222&index=4402& |archivedate=15 November 2009 |title=人物传 |work=fjsq.gov.cn |language=Chinese }}
11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=colwNdOiiCQC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Blacks of Premodern China|author= Don J. Wyatt |page=35 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780812203585 }}
12. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA459#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Lineaments of Islam: Studies in Honor of Fred McGraw Donner|editor= Paul Cobb|page=459 |author=Tasha Vorderstrasse |publisher=Brill | date= 14 May 2014|isbn= 9789004231948}}
13. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=colwNdOiiCQC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Blacks of Premodern China|author= Don J. Wyatt |page=36 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780812203585 }}
14. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OaGaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Voyages in World History|author= Valerie Hansen, Kenneth R. Curtis|pages=267–270 }}