| 词条 | Gabriel Cramer |
| 释义 |
| name = Gabriel Cramer | image = Gabriel Cramer.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752). Portrait by Robert Gardelle, year unknown. | birth_date = 31 July 1704 | birth_place = Geneva, Republic of Geneva | death_date = 4 January 1752 (age 47) | death_place = Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France | residence = Geneva | nationality = Genevan | field = Mathematics and physics | work_institutions = University of Geneva | alma_mater = University of Geneva | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Cramer's rule Cramer's theorem for algebraic curves Cramer's paradox | prizes = | footnotes = }} Gabriel Cramer ({{IPA-fr|kʁamɛʁ|lang}}; 31 July 1704 – 4 January 1752) was a Genevan mathematician. He was the son of physician Jean Cramer and Anne Mallet Cramer. BiographyCramer showed promise in mathematics from an early age. At 18 he received his doctorate and at 20 he was co-chair[1] of mathematics at the University of Geneva. In 1728 he proposed a solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox that came very close to the concept of expected utility theory given ten years later by Daniel Bernoulli. He published his best-known work in his forties. This included his treatise on algebraic curves (1750). It contains the earliest demonstration that a curve of the n-th degree is determined by n(n + 3)/2 points on it, in general position. (See Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves).) This led to the misconception that is Cramer's paradox, concerning the number of intersections of two curves compared to the number of points that determine a curve. He edited the works of the two elder Bernoullis, and wrote on the physical cause of the spheroidal shape of the planets and the motion of their apsides (1730), and on Newton's treatment of cubic curves (1746). In 1750 he published Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system. This rule is still standard. He did extensive travel throughout Europe in the late 1730s, which greatly influenced his works in mathematics. He died in 1752 at Bagnols-sur-Cèze while traveling in southern France to restore his health. Selected works
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References
1. ^He did not get the chair of philosophy he had been a candidate for; but the University of Geneva was so impressed by him that it created a chair of mathematics for him and for his jfriend Jean-Louis Calandrini; the two alternated as chairs.
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7 : 1704 births|1752 deaths|Scientists from the Republic of Geneva|18th century in Geneva|People from Geneva|Fellows of the Royal Society|18th-century mathematicians |
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