| 词条 | Zokwang Trading |
| 释义 |
name = Zokwang Trading | type = State-owned| foundation = 1974 | location_city = Zhuhai | location_country = China | key_people = | industry = Import-export }}{{Infobox Korean name|context=north|hangul=조광무역|hanja=朝光貿易|rr=Jogwang Muyeok|mr=Chogwang Muyŏk|text=Also spelt Chokwang, Jokwang, Zowkwang, or misspelt as Zok Wang[1]}}Zokwang Trading Company is a North Korean state-run import-export business based in Zhuhai, China.[2] It is reportedly controlled by Room 39, a secret department of the government of North Korea.[3] Zokwang Trading is not on the official list of North Korean companies published by Naenara, the official web portal of the North Korean government.[4] HistoryZokwang Trading was founded in 1974 in Macau, then under Portuguese administration, soon after Portugal recognised North Korea, following the Carnation Revolution, in which a left-wing government came to power.[5] It functioned as North Korea's de facto consulate in Macau, issuing documents and visas.[6] In a 2006 intelligence report, Zokwang was described as a local unit of a North Korean company called Daesung Chongguk, officially involved in the machinery and textiles trade and allegedly coordinating opium trafficking, which was using Macau "as a base to move counterfeit dollars and to try to procure components for its weapons systems".[7] North Korean government officials and other sources state that the company engages in legitimate business transactions, purchasing cigarettes, food, liquor, televisions, and luxury goods for shipment to Pyongyang, but police long had suspicions about Zokwang's activities.[8] One of its officers, An Gun-ho, was identified as a senior counterintelligence officer of North Korea's Ministry of Political Security.[9] North Korea was also alleged to have used Macau as a base for planning the 1983 Rangoon bombing, an assassination attempt on South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan, in which 21 people were killed, but the vice-president of Zokwang Trading, Kim Chol Jun, denied allegations of espionage.[10] Kim Hyon-hui, one of the agents who carried out the bombing of 1987 Korean Air Flight 858, claimed to have spent several months training at Zokwang Trading's office while living in Macau.[11] In her autobiography, The Tears of My Soul, she wrote that, while living there, she learned Cantonese so that she and other North Korean agents could pose as local Chinese residents.[12]In 1994, the United States government also made accusations that Zokwang Trading were engaged in arms sales and other illegal technology transfer.[13] Later that year, five employees of the company were arrested after trying to pass US$250 000 in counterfeit notes.[14] Before they were arrested, they had deposited US$100 000 in counterfeit notes, and had attempted to deposit a further US$150 000 before US banks in Hong Kong raised the alarm, but as they had diplomatic passports, they were later released.[15] Zokwang Trading held accounts with two Macau banks Banco Delta Asia and Seng Heng.[16] In 2005, these were frozen at the request of US financial regulators.[17] The funds were released in 2007.[18] During 2006, Zokwang moved across the border to Zhuhai.[19] Notes1. ^North Korea denies food report, UPI, June 6, 1994 2. ^N.Korean Firms Abandon Macau, Chosun Ilbo, 19 Dec 2005 3. ^Kim Jong-il Restores Special Department to Swell Coffers, Chosun Ilbo, June 22 2010 4. ^{{citation|title=Naenara: Foreign Trade-Corporations & Agencies|publisher=Korea Computer Center|publication-place=Democratic People's Republic of Korea|year=2005|accessdate=2006-12-25|url=http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050920201835/http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php |archivedate = 2005-09-20}} 5. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JPkMAQAAMAAJ&q=Zokwang+Trading&dq=Zokwang+Trading&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixj5GH8rHMAhXpCsAKHQ3aCTgQ6AEIVjAI Great Leader, Dear Leader: Demystifying North Korea Under the Kim Clan], Bertil Lintner, Silkworm Books, 2005, page 142 6. ^North Korean company is no stranger to controversy, South China Morning Post, 18 September 2005 7. ^How Macau became North Korea's window to the world... and its nexus for weapons and drugs trafficking, South China Morning Post, 18 September 2005 8. ^Will China end North Korea's illegal activities in Macau?, Mike Chinoy, CNN, December 18 1999 9. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sXrrAAAAIAAJ&q=Zokwang+Trading&dq=Zokwang+Trading&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD77CI9bHMAhWKC8AKHRCRAHoQ6AEIgwEwEw Terrorism, the North Korean connection], Joseph S. Bermudez, Crane Russak, 1990, page 157 10. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/16/world/macao-called-new-center-of-north-korean-spying.html Macao Called New Center of North Korean Spying], The New York Times, August 16, 1987 11. ^North Korea's Macau-based trading venture opens its doors to deny reports of espionage and shady deals, South China Morning Post, 3 September, 2000 12. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yNnZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Tears+of+my+Soul&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22practice+our+Cantonese%22 The Tears of My Soul], Kim Hyon Hui, William Morrow and Co., 1993, page 69 13. ^North Korea: Coming in from the Cold, Bertil Lintner, Suh-kyung Yoon, Far Eastern Economic Review, October 25, 2001 14. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mdyJS5iD9wYC&lpg=PA157&dq=Zokwang&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q=Zokwang&f=true North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula: A Modern History], Paul French,Zed Books, 2007, page 157 15. ^[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105813345248381600 In North Korea, Secret Hoard Of Cash Props Up a Regime], The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2003 16. ^[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112612365849834354 U.S. Probes Banks' North Korea Ties], The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2005 17. ^SPECIAL REPORT: Korea Meltdown {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406192248/http://www.macaubusiness.com/news/economy-finance/special-report-korea-meltdown.html |date=April 6, 2016 }}, Macau Business, August 1, 2006 18. ^[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117627790709466173 How U.S. Used a Bank To Punish North Korea], The Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2007 19. ^North Korea's creepy-crawly capitalism, Bertil Lintner, Asia Times, May 26, 2006 Bibliography{{portal|North Korea}}
7 : Financial services companies established in 1974|Companies of Macau|Companies of China|Companies of North Korea|Zhuhai|1974 establishments in Macau|Companies based in Zhuhai |
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