| 词条 | Zonitoides nitidus | ||
| 释义 |
| image = Zonitoides nitidus 001.JPG | image_caption = Two shells of Zonitoides nitidus | status = NE | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra clade limacoid clade | superfamilia = Gastrodontoidea | familia = Gastrodontidae | genus = Zonitoides | subgenus = Zonitoides | species = Z. nitidus | binomial = Zonitoides nitidus | binomial_authority = (Müller, 1774)[2] }} Zonitoides nitidus (sometimes Zonitoides nitida)[3] is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. Zonitoides nitidus is the type species of the genus Zonitoides. DistributionThe distribution of Zonitoides nitidus includes the Holarctic zone. It is found almost all over Europe except the southernmost regions:[4]
The non-indigenous distribution of this species includes:
DescriptionThe shell is reddish brown.[4] The umbilicus is large (almost 25% of shell diameter).[4] The shell is with radial growth lines.[4] The width of the shell is 6–7 mm.[4] The height of the shell is 3.5-4.0 mm.[4] The animal is black with a characteristic orange dash: the (mantle gland is visible under the shell's aperture).[4] Juveniles are whitish grey with light brown translucent shells.[4] EcologyZonitoides nitidus occurs in wet meadows and river woods, usually near water bodies, swamps and swampy forests, in the zone of emergent vegetation.[4] Man-made habitats such as pools in old quarries are sometimes colonized after a few years.[4] In Switzerland it is found up to 2100m of altitude.[4]Zonitoides nitidus is herbivorous.[4] These snails feed on disintegrating leaves, mushrooms, roots and fruit.[4] They do not eat dry leaves.[4] Humid leaves are preferred.[4] When consuming soft food such as mushrooms or soft fruits, Zonitoides nitidus penetrates perpendicularly inside, producing characteristic holes; the entire animal including its shell can penetrate inside the fruit.[4]In Germany up to three clutches of 2-9 eggs per individual are laid in all seasons, with some days or weeks spacing between egg-laying.[4] Egg diameter is 1.0-1.6 mm.[4] Eggs are laid loose into the soil.[4] Juveniles have 1.5 whorls (diameter 1-1.2 mm) after hatching.[4] They start feeding on disintegrating plant remains in the soil.[4] After 3 months the shell diameter reaches up to 3 mm under favourable conditions, after 10 months 6 mm, and full size after slightly more than one year.[4] Maximum age is 18 months under laboratory conditions.[4] Parasites of Zonitoides nitidus include:
ReferencesThis article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[10] 1. ^2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2. ^Müller O. F. 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXVI [= 1-36], 1-214, [1-10]. Havniæ & Lipsiæ. (Heineck & Faber). 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=zoniniti|title=Zonitoides nitida|publisher=Utah Division of Wildlife Resources|accessdate=May 18, 2017|archivedate=2017-05-19|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6qZCeWcdF?url=https://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=zoniniti|dead-url=no|df=}} 4. ^Juřičková L., Horsák M. & Beran L. (2001). "Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic". Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 65: 25-40. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anemoon.org/anm/voorlopige-kaarten/landmollusken/wetenschappelijk/zonitoides-nitidus/|title=Anemoon > Flora en Fauna > Soorteninformatie|website=www.anemoon.org}} 6. ^ {{dead link|date=July 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91-109. 8. ^Olsson I.-M., Stéen M. & Mann H. (1993). "Gastropod hosts of Elaphostrongylus spp. (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda)". Rangifer 13(1): 53-55. PDF. 9. ^Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. "Brainworm". accessed 14 December 2010. 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 "Species summary for Zonitoides nitidus". AnimalBase, last modified 29 August 2010, accessed 3 September 2010. External links{{Commons category|Zonitoides nitidus}}
2 : Gastrodontidae|Molluscs described in 1774 |
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