| 词条 | Zwaardvis-class submarine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Zwaardvis-class submarine (Dutch: "Swordfish") is a class of conventional attack submarines that were built to strengthen the Royal Netherlands Navy. The Dutch government opted for the choice to not replace the two Zwaardvis-class submarines with either more {{sclass-|Walrus|submarine|4}} submarines or submarines of a new design.[1] HistoryOn 24 December 1965 the Royal Netherlands Navy gave Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij the order to build two submarines.[2] At the time of this order the Royal Netherlands Navy believed that these two submarines could possibly make use of nuclear propusulations. Like many other navies around the world the Netherlands got interested in nuclear propulsion after the United States had put the USS Nautilus into active service in 1955. The performance of this and succeeding nuclear submarine, such as the Skate-class submarines, were very promising at the time.[3] It made the Dutch navy believe that nuclear submarines would play a crucial role in the future and not developing one would mean to be left behind by other navies who were focusing on nuclear submarines.[4] In addition, the Royal Netherlands Navy was afraid that the diesel-electric Dolfijn-class submarines which had just taken into service were no match for nuclear submarines. This would be problematic since the Dolfijn-class submarines were the most modern submarines the Dutch navy had at the time in her inventory. Furthermore, it was also a blow to the Dutch navy because their submarine fleet were just getting into the shape the navy had envisioned after the devastating Second World War.[5] Besides Royal Netherlands Navy, Dutch naval experts at the time also stressed in numerous articles how important nuclear submarines were and that there would not be such a big technological leap forward again in at least a decade.[6] These kind of statements and recommendations also encouraged the Royal Netherlands Navy to start thinking about acquiring nuclear submarines. In the meanwhile the keel laying of the two submarines that the Dutch navy had ordered took place on 14 July 1966. The Zwaardvis submarine was assigned building number 320, while the Tijgerhaai submarine was assigned building number 321. The two names were awarded by Her Majesty the Queen, Juliana of the Netherlands, on 7 September.[2] The Royal Netherlands Navy on the other hand, together with research institute TNO, the Reactor Center of the Netherlands and Nevesbu, devoted itself during this time entirely on nuclear propulsion for submarines.[4] However, the construction of Dutch nuclear submarines would never become a reality.[2] There was simply not enough money, since the defence budget in this period could not cover the costs of both constructing nuclear submarines and maintaining all the ships in the Dutch fleet at the same time. Furthermore, already during the negotiations with the United States, it appeared that any nuclear submarines would not be built anytime soon. The United States was not eager about the idea of the Netherlands building nuclear submarines, they rather had the Dutch navy focus on other areas within the NATO alliance, the negotiations therefore stopped in 1969.[7] However, paradoxically NATO did supported the Dutch nuclear desire, but added that if the Dutch navy would not succeed in the short term, then two conventional submarines would have to be built.[4] This is exactly what happened eventually with the Zwaardvis-class submarines being conventional diesel-electric submarines, with her hull being based on the teardrop design of the last non-nuclear American submarine class, the submarines of the Barbel-class. DesignThe Zwaardvis-class submarines were designed by the Royal Netherlands Navy and further worked out by the four biggest Dutch yards at the time, namely RDM, Wilton-Fijenoord, De Schelde and NDSM, and also by Werkspoor N.V. and N.V. Nederlandsche Vereenigde Scheepsbouw Bureaux.[8] In comparison to the three cylinder design of the Dolfijn-class submarines, the Zwaardvis-class submarines are based on one cylinder. The reasons why the Royal Netherlands Navy and its partners choose for this design was because it resulted in more space within the submarines, which would give the crew a more spacious accommodation and make it also easier to set up machines within the submarines.[8] In addition, the submarines are based on the U.S. Navy {{sclass-|Barbel|submarine|4}} with the teardrop hull design, which results in the submarines producing less noise.[9] The propulsion of the Zwaardvis-class is also different than the Dolfijn-class submarines, for example, it has a single propeller instead of the two propellers the latter has. Furthermore, it has more diesel engines, the batteries require less charging time, it can launch missiles and torpedoes from greater depths, the diving depth has increased substantially, and lastly it can stay longer submerged.[10] The introduction of the Zwaardvis-class submarines also led to the Royal Netherlands Navy using the Mark 37 torpedoes. In 1988 the Mark 37 torpedoes for the Zwaardvis-class submarines were replaced with the newer Mark 48 torpedoes.[11] Export{{Main|Hai Lung-class submarine}}In September 1981 the Republic of China (Taiwan) ordered two modified Zwaardvis-class submarines, the Chien Lung/Hai Lung-class.[12] In 1992 a repeat order for another 4 boats was turned down by the Netherlands government because of pressure from the People's Republic of China.[13] The two decommissioned Dutch boats, {{HNLMS|Zwaardvis|S806|2}} and {{HNLMS|Tijgerhaai|S807|2}}, were loaded onto a ship and transported to PSC-Naval Dockyard, Lumut, Malaysia in anticipation of purchase by the Malaysian Navy in 1997.[14] However, the Malaysian Navy declined the offer and chose the French {{sclass2-|Scorpène|submarine|4}} instead. As a result, the two boats stayed for a long time in Lumut awaiting a buyer and possible refurbishment. In 2005 a Dutch judge ordered on 17 Augustus 2005 that Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij must start with demolishing the two boats before 1 September 2005, or bring the boats back to the Netherlands before 1 October 2005, else they would have to face penalties, such as a payment penalty.[15] Since Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij went broke, the Dutch Ministry of Defence eventually paid for the demolishing and scrapping of the two submarines. The costs of this were estimated at €2.8 million and the scrap was sold for €1.4 million.[16] BoatsThe Dutch boats were built by the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij and the Taiwanese by Wilton-Fijenoord.
See also
References1. ^Karremann, "Zwaardvisklasse niet vervangen: hoe Nederland belangrijke onderzeebootbouwkennis verloor". {{commonscat|Zwaardvis class submarines}}2. ^1 2 {{citation|title =Herinneringsboek Hr. Ms. Zwaardvis |url=https://www.rdm-archief.nl/RDM-NB/320-Herinneringsboek.pdf|language=Dutch|page=4|author=A.H.A.P. van den Enden, A. Goedhart en P. Hamaker|publisher=RDM-collectie Johan Journée|date=|accessdate=23 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 3. ^W. Vinke, "De voortstuwing van schepen door middel van kernenergie" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 127 (1958) p.21-22. 4. ^1 2 Karremann, "Zwaardvisklasse onderzeeboten". 5. ^de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. p. 95. 6. ^F.B. Hamilton, "De ontwikkeling van het Onderzeeboot-wapen" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 132 (1963) p.37. 7. ^Schoonoord, p.151 8. ^1 {{citation|title=Opdracht voor twee onderzeeboten|url=https://www.rdm-archief.nl/RDM-PB/PB-1966-02.pdf|pages=4–5|author=|publisher=bedrijfsblad "Nieuws van de RDM"|date=February 1966|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 9. ^{{citation|title=Zwaardvis|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/zwaardvis.htm|page=|author=|publisher=Global Security|date=|accessdate=23 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 10. ^{{citation|title=Onderzeeboten "Zwaardvis" en "Tijgerhaai" krijgen gestalte|url=https://www.rdm-archief.nl/RDM-PB/PB-1968-11.pdf|pages=8–9|author=|publisher=bedrijfsblad "Nieuws van de RDM"|date=November 1968|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 11. ^de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 104. 12. ^{{citation|title =Hai Lung [Sea Dragon]-class [Zwaardvis] Submarine|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/hai-lung.htm|language=|page=|author=|publisher=Global Security|date=|accessdate=24 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 13. ^{{citation|title =Den Haag boort RDM orders door de neus|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/-den-haag-boort-rdm-orders-door-de-neus-~ad32cb6e/|language=Dutch|page=|author=Jelle Brandsma|publisher=Trouw|date=1 September 2004|accessdate=24 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 14. ^{{citation|title =RDM verplicht tot sloop duikboten|url=http://rechtennieuws.nl/4051/rdm-verplicht-tot-sloop-duikboten/|language=Dutch|page=|author=|publisher=Rechten Nieuws|date=18 August 2005|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 15. ^{{citation|title =ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2005:AU1158 |url=https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2005:AU1158|language=Dutch|page=|author=|publisher=Rechtspraak.nl|date=17 August 2005|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} 16. ^{{citation|title =Staat vordert sloopkosten onderzeeboten op RDM|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/staat-vordert-sloopkosten-onderzeeboten-op-rdm~a364b1ab/|language=Dutch|page=|author=|publisher=Trouw|date=8 February 2007|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}
Bibliography
2 : Submarine classes|Zwaardvis-class submarines |
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