| 词条 | Çifteli |
| 释义 |
}} The çifteli (çiftelia, erroneously qifteli, {{lang-sq|"doubled" or "double stringed"}}) is a plucked string instrument, with only two strings, played mainly by the Gheg people of northern and central Albania, Southern Montenegro, and Kosovo.[1] The çifteli is frequently used by Albanians in weddings and at concerts, as well as by many musicians, such as Nikollë Nikprelaj. It is also used to accompany Albanian epics and ballads.[2] ConstructionÇifteli vary in size, but are most often tuned to B3 and E3 (comparable to the top two strings of a guitar, which is classically tuned as "E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4"). Usually the lower string is played as a drone, with the melody played on the higher string.[3] The çifteli is a fretted instrument, but unlike most, it is not fretted in a chromatic scale (one fret per semitone), but rather in a diatonic scale, with seven notes to the octave.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} EtymologyThe term çifteli comes from the Albanian language: çift ("double"); and tel ("string"), both borrowings from Turkish.[1][4] HistoryThe çifteli in its modern form is no longer played in Central Asia or Anatolia, but historically Turkic peoples played an instrument known as the ıklığ, also meaning "two string" (iki meaning "two" and lik "-ness"). [5][6][7] The çifteli shares limited characteristics with the ıklığ, differing in sound, melody and accompanied singing. [8] See also
References{{Commons category|Çiftelia}}1. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWL2ZKPimKEC&pg=PA265 |title=Albanian Urban Lyric Song in the 1930s|volume=2|series=Europea: Ethnomusicologies and Modernities|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=9780810848900|first=Eno|last=Koço|page=265}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohTXJeMICaoC&pg=PA19 |title=Long Life to Your Children!: A Portrait of High Albania|first1= Stan|last1= Sherer|first2=Marjorie|last2=Senechal|author2-link=Marjorie Senechal|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=1997|page=19}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViwKAQAAMAAJ|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|first1=Simon|last1=Broughton|first2=Mark|last2=Ellingham|first3=Richard|last3=Trillo|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|isbn=9781858286358|page=2}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&pg=PA83 |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania |first= Robert|last=Elsie|page=83|edition=2nd|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn= 9780810873803}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZvRWpEzLWgC|title=The Real guide: Yugoslavia|page=421|first1=Martin|last1=Dunford|first2=Jack|last2=Holland|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1990|isbn=9780137838387}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLhZAAAAYAAJ|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe|first=Timothy L.|last=Gall|page=268|publisher=Gale|year=2009|isbn=9781414464305}} 7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPzZAAAAMAAJ|page=66|title=Ülkelerde kopuz ve tezeneli sazlarımız|series=Millı̂ Folklor Araştırma Dairesi yayınları|volume=15|first=Mahmut R.|last=Gazimihal|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi|year=1975}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Buchanan |first1=Donna |title=Balkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional Political Discourse |date=2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=London |isbn=9780810860216 |pages=194-224}} Bibliography{{Empty section|date=December 2015}}External links{{DEFAULTSORT:Ciftelia}}{{String-instrument-stub}} 2 : String instruments|Albanian musical instruments |
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