“Galveston County, Texas”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Galveston County ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|l|v|ᵻ|s|t|ən}} {{respell|GAL|vis|tən}}) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas, located along the Gulf Coast adjacent to Galveston Bay. As of the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census, the population was 291,309.^[2] The county seat is the City of Galveston, founded the following year of 1839, located on Galveston Island; the most populous municipality in the county is League City, a suburb of Houston at the northern end of the county, which surpassed Galveston in population during the early 2000s.^[3] The county was founded in 1838.

Galveston County is part of the ten-county Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) metropolitan statistical area.

History

Sixteenth-century Spanish explorers knew Galveston Island as the Isla de Malhado, the "Isle of Misfortune", or Isla de Cubreras, the "Isle of Snakes".^[4] In 1519, the expedition led by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda actually sailed past Galveston Island while he was charting the route from the Florida peninsula to the Pánuco River. The information gathered from the expedition enabled the Spanish government to establish control over the entire Gulf Coast, including Galveston Island. In 1783, José Antonio de Evia, a Spanish navigator, surveyed the area and named the bay Galveston to honor Bernardo de Gálvez, who supported the United States in the Revolutionary War.^[5]

Galveston County was formally established under the Republic of Texas on May 15, 1838.^[6] The county was formed from territory taken from Harrisburg, Liberty, and Brazoria Counties, with governmental organization taking place in 1839.^[7] The island and city of Galveston was by far the most important population center. The city of Galveston was the republic's largest city and its center of commerce and culture. Port Bolivar on the Bolivar Peninsula was a port of secondary importance. Other development in the area was initially mostly ranching interests and small farming communities. Texas soon joined the United States, and Galveston's importance continued to grow as it came to dominate the worldwide cotton trade. As railroads between Galveston, Harrisburg, Houston, and other towns were built during the 19th century, small communities grew up along the rail lines. Nevertheless, Galveston continued to remain a prominent destination for the shipping and trade industries. A bridge was completed in 1859, when the Galveston, Houston, and Henderson Railroad built a wooden trestle that was used by all other railway lines to the island until 1875, when the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway built its own bridge. At the end of the 19th century, a group of investors established Texas City directly across the West Bay from Galveston with the hope of making it a competing port city. The port began operations just before the start of the 20th century.

The 1900 Galveston Hurricane devastated the county, killing an estimated 6000 people on the island alone and numerous others in the rest of the county. The Port of Galveston was closed for a time during reconstruction, but recovery was swift and profound. By 1910, the county's citizens had developed the commission form of government, constructed the seawall, and raised the merit of the whole city.

Investors had worried that the Texas coast was a dangerous place to establish major commercial operations because of the threat of hurricanes, and the 1900 disaster seemed to prove that. Though Galveston rebuilt its port and other major operations quickly, major investment moved inland, largely to Houston. Soon, Houston and Texas City had outpaced Galveston as major ports.

The oil boom in Texas began in 1901, and soon pipelines and refineries were built in Texas City. Industrial growth blossomed, especially during World War II. Galveston's manufacturing sector, however, was more stagnant during the 20th century.

Galveston, traditionally an attractive tourist destination even before the storm, transformed itself into a major, nationally known destination. This trend reached its height with the rise of the Maceo crime syndicate which controlled Galveston, establishing a business empire based on gambling, bootlegging, and prostitution. The island's entertainment business spread throughout the county with major casino districts in Kemah and Dickinson enabled by a lax attitude among law enforcement in the county (Houstonians often humorously referred to the Galveston County line as the "Maceo-Dickinson line"). The county prospered as oil fueled Texas City's industrial growth, and wealthy tourists flocked to Galveston and the other entertainment districts.

The gambling empire was destroyed in the 1950s as state law enforcement dismantled its establishments. Galveston's economy crashed as did the economies of some other county municipalities that were dependent on tourism. Texas City's economy weathered the storm because of its strong industry.

The establishment on NASA's Johnson Space Center in 1963 soon created new growth opportunities for the county municipalities near Clear Lake and Harris County. The Clear Lake area communities in Harris and Galveston Counties soon became more tied toward each other, while the island of Galveston languished for many years as businesses increasingly left for the mainland.

Tourism has gradually resurged, both on the island and on the mainland, and today has become a major industry in the county. Aerospace and related service industries continue to be important in the Clear Lake area of the county. Texas City has become an important petrochemical center.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of {{convert|874|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|378|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|495|sqmi}} (57%) is covered by water.^[8]

Galveston County is located on the plains of the Texas Gulf Coast in the southeastern part of the state. The county is bounded on the northeast by Galveston Bay and on the northwest by Clear Creek and Clear Lake. Much of the county covers Galveston Bay, and is bounded to the south by the Galveston Seawall and beaches on the Gulf of Mexico.

Adjacent counties

Demographics

As of the census^[12] of 2000, 250,158 people, 94,782 households, and 66,157 families resided in the county. The population density was 628 people per square mile (242/km²). The 111,733 housing units averaged 280 per square mile (108/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 72.69% White, 15.44% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 2.10% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 7.18% from other races, and 2.08% from two or more races. About 18% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 94,782 households, 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.40% were married couples living together, 13.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.20% were not families. Around 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the county, the population was distributed as 26.70% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 30.20% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,419, and for a family was $51,435. Males had a median income of $41,406 versus $28,703 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,568. About 10.10% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

United States Congress

Texas Legislature

Texas Senate

Texas House of Representatives

Education

A ninth school district, La Marque Independent School District, was subsumed into Texas City ISD in 2016 after the Texas Education Agency revoked its accreditation due to poor academic and financial performance.^[14]

Higher education

The city of Galveston is home to Texas A&M University at Galveston, an extension of the main A&M campus in College Station, and the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

Three community colleges also serve the area: College of the Mainland, Galveston College, and San Jacinto College.

Public libraries

The Galveston County Library System operates libraries in most of the larger towns and cities. The Rosenberg Library in Galveston has the distinction of being the oldest public library in Texas, and serves as the headquarters for the Galveston County Library System. Its librarian also functions as the Galveston County librarian. Also, seven other libraries are in Galveston County, including the Genevieve Miller Library in Hitchcock, the La Marque Public Library, the Helen Hall Public Library in League City, the Moore Memorial Public Library in Texas City, the Mares Memorial Library in Dickinson, the Friendswood Public Library, and the Mae Bruce Library in Santa Fe.

Political organization

The head of a Texas county, as set up in the Texas Constitution, is the county judge, who sits as the chair of the county's commissioners' court.^[15] The county is split into four geographical divisions called precincts. Each precinct elects a commissioner to sit as a representative of their precinct on the commissioners court and also for the oversight of county functions in their area.

Other elected positions in Galveston County include a county clerk, a district attorney, a district clerk, a county clerk, a sheriff, nine constables, a tax assessor-collector, a county treasurer, and every judge in the county except municipal judges, who are appointed by the officials of their respective cities.^[16]

Hospital services

Galveston County is served by a major medical complex in Galveston and a private for-profit hospital in Texas City.

The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston is a 1,200-bed, major medical complex of seven hospitals. The main general-care hospital is John Sealy Hospital, with other on-campus hospitals specializing in women, children, burn victims, geriatrics, and psychiatrics. Currently, UTMB is certified as a level I trauma center and serves as the lead trauma facility for the nine-county region in southeast Texas, including the Greater Houston area.^[17]

The Mainland Medical Center, a 233-bed, private, for-profit hospital, operates in Texas City.^[18]

Transportation

Major highways

Airports

Scholes International Airport at Galveston {{airport codes|GLS|KGLS}}, the county's sole publicly owned airport, is a two-runway airport located on Galveston Island in Galveston. The airport is primarily used for general aviation, offshore energy transportation, and some limited military operations.

Privately owned airports for private use include Creasy Airport and Kami-Kazi Airport, both inn unincorporated areas.

The closest airport with regularly scheduled commercial service is William P. Hobby Airport, located in Houston.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} The Houston Airport System stated that Galveston County is also within the primary service area of George Bush Intercontinental Airport, an international airport near Houston in Harris County.^[19]

Rail

All rail traffic is currently industry-related. Regularly scheduled passenger rail service in Galveston County ceased on April 11, 1967.^[20]

Mass transit

The City of Galveston is served by Island Transit, a public transportation agency.

Crime

In the unincorporated areas of the county, in 2002, 1,267 criminal offenses were recorded. In 2003, 1,136 criminal offenses were reported in unincorporated areas, including 507 thefts, 153 motor-vehicle thefts, 313 burglaries, two murders, and one rape. In 2004, 836 offenses were reported, including 369 thefts, 84 motor vehicle thefts, 236 burglaries, two murders, and 26 rapes. In 2004, considering all of the reported offenses, arrests occurred in 85 of those cases.^[22]

Between 2003 and 2004, a decline was noted in overall reported offenses by 300, or a 26.4% decrease. The crime with the largest percentage decrease from 2003 to 2004 was motor-vehicle thefts. County sheriff Gean Leonard said, "I'd have to say the combination of public education and more public consciousness about where they park and how they leave their cars, especially not leaving keys in cars, has certainly helped."^[22]

Corrections

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice and University of Texas Medical Branch manage health care facilities for prisoners in Galveston, Galveston County. The facilities include the co-gender Galveston Hospital for prisoners in Galveston^[22] and the Young Medical Facility Complex for females in Texas City.^[23] Hospital Galveston began contracting for medical treatment of prisoners in 1983.^[24] Young opened in 1996 as the Texas City Regional Medical Unit.^[25]

Communities

Galveston County has several unincorporated areas; most of them are on the Bolivar Peninsula. Others are outside of Hitchcock and Santa Fe along Texas State Highway 6, and the three communities in the "Bayshore" area: Bacliff, San Leon, and Bayview.^[26]

Cities

Villages

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/galvestoncountytexas/PST045217|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Galveston County, Texas|author=|date=|website=Census Bureau QuickFacts}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48167.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=December 16, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/604SxqUs7?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48167.html|archivedate=July 10, 2011|df=}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Schladen, Marty |url=http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=cecba57d52dda271 |title=Forces drive people off island |publisher=Galveston County Daily News |date=2006-07-23 |accessdate=2014-01-14 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231160951/http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=cecba57d52dda271 |archivedate=2007-12-31 |df= }} ()
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcg02|title=Galveston County|work=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2018-03-16|author=Diana J. Kleiner}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Museum/galveston_city_history.asp |title=Galveston|work=Galveston County Historical Museum|accessdate=2018-03-17}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/auditor/auditorsoffice/CAFR%202007%20Final.pdf|title=Galveston County 2007 Comprehensive Financial Report|work=Galveston County, Texas|accessdate=2010-11-12|author=Office of the Auditor of Galveston County, Texas}}
7. ^{{Handbook of Texas| title=Galveston County | id=hcg02}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_48.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 27, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2017_PEPANNRES&prodType=table|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 27, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/topics/ctypophistweb2010.pdf|title=Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010|publisher=Texas Almanac|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2011-05-14 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=2018-07-23}}
14. ^Zaveri, Mihir. "Texas City ISD moves toward absorbing La Marque school district" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6fWDPXrEo?url=http://www.chron.com/neighborhood/bayarea/schools/article/Texas-City-braces-for-absorbing-La-Marque-6836277.php Archive]). Houston Chronicle. Wednesday, February 17, 2016. Retrieved on March 22, 2018.
15. ^Galveston County, http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/County_Judge/default.htm
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/|title=Pages - Galveston County|author=|date=|website=co.galveston.tx.us}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://sahs.utmb.edu/respiratory_care/current/Table_of_Contents/01-HANDBOOK-Aug-2007+gs.pdf|title=Welcome - School of Health Professions - UTMB Health|author=|date=|website=sahs.utmb.edu}}
18. ^Mainland Medical Center, http://www.mainlandmedical.com/CustomPage.asp?guidCustomContentID={263215B6-AC55-4276-A52B-B8F34390E0BE} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123434/http://www.mainlandmedical.com/CustomPage.asp?guidCustomContentID=%7B263215B6-AC55-4276-A52B-B8F34390E0BE%7D |date=2008-06-11 }}
19. ^"Master Plan Executive Summary {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711104249/http://system.gocampaign.com/files/file.asp?f=13224 |date=July 11, 2011 }}." George Bush Intercontinental Airport Master Plan. Houston Airport System. December 2006. 2-1 (23/130). Retrieved on December 14, 2010.
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestonrrmuseum.com/explore.htm|title=Galveston County Railroad Museum, http://www.galvestonrrmuseum.com/explore.htm|author=|date=|website=galvestonrrmuseum.com}}
21. ^"Corrections Bureau - Jail Division." Galveston County Sheriff's Office. Accessed September 12, 2008.
22. ^"Hospital Galveston." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Accessed September 12, 2008.
23. ^"YOUNG MEDICAL FACILITY COMPLEX (GC)." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Accessed September 12, 2008.
24. ^Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Turner Publishing Company, 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VgTcF_VMt54C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=Clemens+Unit&source=bl&ots=R1i6OtSQQd&sig=0_SjNh8Qgds0plD2UDMTcIvWFrc&hl=fr&ei=bx_jS9aVNsKA_Qa9kpXaAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCTgK#v=snippet&q=Scott&f=false 50]. {{ISBN|1-56311-964-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56311-964-4}}.
25. ^Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Turner Publishing Company, 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VgTcF_VMt54C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=Clemens+Unit&source=bl&ots=R1i6OtSQQd&sig=0_SjNh8Qgds0plD2UDMTcIvWFrc&hl=fr&ei=bx_jS9aVNsKA_Qa9kpXaAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCTgK#v=snippet&q=Scott&f=false 51]. {{ISBN|1-56311-964-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56311-964-4}}.
26. ^¹²Evans, Thayer. "Crime numbers go down - Figures drop 26.4 percent in unincorporated Galveston County." Houston Chronicle. Thursday February 3, 2005. ThisWeek p. 1. "Other unincorporated areas are along Texas 6 outside Hitchcock and Santa Fe and in the Bayshore area, which includes Bacliff, Bayview and San Leon." Available at NewsBank Record Number: 3841079.
27. ^"Community Plan 2010-2011." Galveston County. p. 3 (PDF 3/41). Retrieved on January 5, 2015.
28. ^"ALTA LOMA, TX." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.
29. ^{{cite web|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000308|title=ASHE, John Baptista, (1810 - 1857)|publisher= Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate= October 10, 2012}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/players/playerpage/1272524/dez-bryant/| title= 88 Dez Bryant, R |publisher= CBSSports.com |accessdate= November 21, 2012}}
31. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BryaRe99.htm|title= Red Bryant|publisher= Pro-Football-Reference.Com|accessdate= October 3, 2012}}