词条 | 1144 papal election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The papal election of 1144 followed the death of Pope Celestine II and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius II. Election of Lucius IIPope Celestine II died on 8 March 1144 at Rome, after pontificate of only five months.[1] The election of his successor took place in the shadow of this municipal revolution, which opposed the secular rule of the Pope.[2] Celestine II was unable to recover the full control over the city of Rome; in addition he had to face also the demands of the king Roger II of Sicily.[3] This problem also remained unresolved on his death, because he had refused to confirm the privileges granted to Roger by his predecessor Innocent II.[4] The cardinals present at Rome elected Cardinal Gerardo Caccianemici, priest of the titulus of S. Croce in Gerusalemme and former canon regular of S. Frediano di Lucca. The details concerning the place of the election or the exact date of electoral proceedings are not registered.[5] Since the elect was chancellor of the Holy See and close collaborator of both Innocent II and Celestine II, it may be assumed that the cardinals wanted to continue their policy, friendly towards the Empire and hostile towards the king Roger.[6] The elect took the name of Lucius II and received episcopal consecration on 12 March 1144.[7] Cardinal-electorsThere were probably 39 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in March 1144.[8] Basing on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1144[9] and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals, it is possible to establish that no more than 36 cardinals participated in the election:
Twenty two electors were created by Pope Innocent II, ten by Celestine II, two by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II. Absentees
Notes1. ^Jaffé, II, p. 7 2. ^Robinson, p. 78. 3. ^See Robinson, p. 387 4. ^See Robinson, p. 387 5. ^Jaffé, II, p. 7. Election in 1143 took place in the Lateran Basilica, in 1145 at the church S. Cesareo in Palatio. 6. ^Robinson, p. 387 7. ^Robinson, p. 525; Jaffé, II, p. 7. 8. ^Reconstruction is based on Brixius, p. 22 note 4 with the following corrections: Bishop Rodolfo of Orte has been excluded because he was not a cardinal at that time (Zenker, p. 52-53). Additionally, Brixius indicates that also Bernardo da Pisa, future Pope Eugene III, belonged to the College of Cardinals (similarly Zenker, pp. 184–187), but see M. Horn: Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III. (1145-1153), Peter Lang Verlag 1992, pp. 42–45. 9. ^Jaffé, p.1 and 7 10. ^Zenker, p. 191-192; see also G. Loud, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hmYZEhZfEYAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Latin+Church+in+Norman+Italy&hl=pl#PPA174,M1 The Latin Church in Norman Italy], Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 157-158 11. ^Mary Stroll, The Medieval Abbey of Farfa: Target of Papal and Imperial Ambitions, BRILL 1997, p. 254 12. ^{{BBKL|v/victor_iv_v_gp|band=23|autor=Bruno W. Häuptli|artikel=Victor IV. (Victor V., Ottaviano de' Monticelli), Gegenpapst 1159-1164|spalten=1533-1536}}; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 19 February and 14 May 1144 (Jaffé, p.1 and 7) Sources
| last = Robinson | first = Ian Stuart | authorlink = | title = The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation | publisher = Cambridge University Press | series = Cambridge Medieval Textbooks | year = 1990 | doi = | isbn = 0-521-31922-6 }}
| last = Jaffé | first = Phillipp | authorlink = Philipp Jaffé | title = Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. II | url = https://archive.org/details/regestapontific00popegoog | language = Latin | location = Leipzig | year = 1888}}
| last = Zenker | first = Barbara | authorlink = | title = Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159 | location = Würzburg | language = German | publisher = | year = 1964}}
| last = Brixius | first = Johannes Matthias | authorlink = | title = Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181 | publisher = R. Trenkel | language = German | location = Berlin | year = 1912}}{{Papal elections and conclaves from 1061|state=collapsed}}{{Subject bar |portal1= Catholicism |portal2= Oriental Orthodoxy |portal3= Eastern Christianity |b=y|b-search=Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History |commons=y|commons-search=Category:Papal conclave |n=y|n-search=Category:Roman Catholic Church |q=y|q-search=Category:Popes |s=y|s-search=Category:Popes |v=y|v-search=Category:Christian History |wikt=y|wikt-search=Pope |d=y|d-search= Q19546 }} 5 : 12th-century elections|1144|Papal elections|1144 in Europe|12th-century Catholicism |
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