词条 | Gao Xingjian |
释义 |
| name = Gao Xingjian | image = Gao Xingjian (2012, cropped).jpg | caption = Gao in 2012 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|1|4}} | birth_place = Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China | occupation = novelist, playwright, critic, translator, screenwriter, director, painter | citizenship = Republic of China (1940–49) People's Republic of China (1949–98) France (since 1998) | alma_mater = Beijing Foreign Studies University | language = Chinese[1] | genre = absurdism | period = | awards = {{awd|Nobel Prize in Literature|2000}} | notableworks = The Other Shore, Soul Mountain, One Man's Bible | spouse = Wang Xuejun (王学筠); divorced | children = | website = | module ={{Chinese|child=yes|c=高行健|p=Gāo Xíngjiàn|w=Kao Hsing-chien|mi={{IPA-cmn|kɑ́ʊ ɕǐŋtɕjɛ̂n|}} }}}} Gao Xingjian (born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese[1] émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity."[2] He is also a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter. In 1998, Gao was granted French citizenship. Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally absurdist in nature and avant-garde in his native China. His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West. Early lifeBorn in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, during wartime China in 1940 (Gao's original paternal ancestral home town is in Taizhou, Jiangsu with his maternal roots from Zhejiang), his family returned to Nanjing with him following the aftermath of World War II. He has been a French citizen since 1998. In 1992 he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. Early years in Jiangxi and JiangsuGao's father was a clerk in the Bank of China, and his mother was a member of the Young Men's Christian Association. His mother was once a playactress of Anti-Japanese Theatre during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Under his mother's influence, Gao enjoyed painting, writing and theatre very much when he was a little boy. During his middle school years, he read lots of literature translated from the West, and he studied sketching, ink and wash painting, oil painting and clay sculpture under the guidance of painter Yun Zongying ({{zh|s=郓宗嬴|t=鄆宗嬴|p=Yùn Zōngyíng}}). In 1950, his family moved to Nanjing. In 1952, Gao entered the Nanjing Number 10 Middle School (later renamed Jinling High School) which was the Middle School attached to Nanjing University. Years in Beijing and AnhuiIn 1957 Gao graduated, and, following his mother's advice, chose Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) instead of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, although he was thought to be talented in art. In 1962 Gao graduated from the Department of French, BFSU, and then he worked for the Chinese International Bookstore (中國國際書店). During the 1970s, because of the Down to the Countryside Movement, he went to and stayed in the countryside and did farm labour in Anhui Province. He taught as a Chinese teacher in Gangkou Middle School, Ningguo county, Anhui Province for a short time. In 1975, he was allowed to go back to Beijing and became the group leader of French translation for the magazine China Reconstructs (《中國建設》). In 1977 Gao worked for the Committee of Foreign Relationship, Chinese Association of Writers. In May 1979, he visited Paris with a group of Chinese writers including Ba Jin. In 1980, Gao became a screenwriter and playwright for the Beijing People's Art Theatre. Gao is known as a pioneer of absurdist drama in China, where Signal Alarm (《絕對信號》, 1982) and Bus Stop (《車站》, 1983) were produced during his term as resident playwright at the Beijing People's Art Theatre from 1981 to 1987. Influenced by European theatrical models, it gained him a reputation as an avant-garde writer. His other plays, The Primitive (1985) and The Other Shore (《彼岸》, 1986), all openly criticised the government's state policies. In 1986 Gao was misdiagnosed with lung cancer, and he began a 10-month trek along the Yangtze, which resulted in his novel Soul Mountain (《靈山》). The part-memoir, part-novel, first published in Taipei in 1990 and in English in 2000 by HarperCollins Australia, mixes literary genres and utilizes shifting narrative voices. It has been specially cited by the Swedish Nobel committee as "one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves." The book details his travels from Sichuan province to the coast, and life among Chinese minorities such as the Qiang, Miao, and Yi peoples on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization. Years in Europe and ParisBy the late 1980s, Gao had shifted to Bagnolet, a city adjacent to Paris, France. The political drama Fugitives[3] (1989), which makes reference to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, resulted in all his works being banned from performance in China. WorksSelected works: {{div col}}Dramas and performances
Fiction
PoemWhile being forced to work as a peasant – a form of 'education' under the Cultural Revolution – in the 1970s, Gao Xingjian produced many plays, short stories, poems and critical pieces that he had to eventually burn to avoid the consequences of his dissident literature being discovered.[4] Of the work he produced subsequently, he published no collections of poetry, being known more widely for his drama, fiction and essays. However, one short poem exists that represents a distinctively modern style akin to his other writings:
宰了 / 割了 / 爛搗碎了 / 燃一柱香 / 打一聲呼哨 / 來了 / 就去了 / 來去都乾乾淨淨
Cut / Scalped / Pounded into pieces / Light an incense / Blow the whistle / Come / Gone / Out and out (April 13, 1986, Beijing)[5] Other texts
PaintingsGao is a painter, known especially for his ink and wash painting. His exhibitions have included:
Works translated in English
ReceptionResponse from Zhu RongjiThe Premier Zhu Rongji delivered a congratulatory message to Gao when interviewed by the Hong Kong newspaper East Daily (《东方日报》):
Comments from Chinese writersGao's work has led to fierce discussion among Chinese writers, both positive and negative. In his article on Gao in the June 2008 issue of Muse, a now-defunct Hong Kong magazine, Leo Ou-fan Lee praises the use of Chinese language in Soul Mountain: 'Whether it works or not, it is a rich fictional language filled with vernacular speeches and elegant 文言 (classical) formulations as well as dialects, thus constituting a "heteroglossic" tapestry of sounds and rhythms that can indeed be read aloud (as Gao himself has done in his public readings).'[6] Before 2000, a dozen Chinese writers and scholars already predicted Gao's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, including Hu Yaoheng (Chinese: 胡耀恒)[7] Pan Jun (潘军)[8] as early as 1999. Honors
Trivia
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize for Literature 2000|publisher=Nobelprize.org|quote=The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2000 goes to the Chinese writer Gao Xingjian "for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama".}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000|publisher=Nobelprize|date=October 7, 2010|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/|accessdate=October 7, 2010}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Chinese Writing in Exile|last=Lee|first=Gregory Barry|publisher=Center for East Asian Studies, The University of Chicago|year=1993|isbn=|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Gregory|location=Chicago|pages=|author-link=Gregory B. Lee}} 4. ^Mabel Lee, [https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=clcweb 'Nobel Laureate 2000 Gao Xingjian and his Novel Soul Mountain'] in CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal, September, 2000 5. ^Published on the website Ba Huang's Art Studio {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806223441/http://www.bahuang.com/Wm/Wm1.htm |date=August 6, 2007 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last= Lee |first= Leo Ou-fan |date=June 2008 |title= The happy exile |journal=Muse Magazine |issue= 17 |pages= 93}} 7. ^http://culture.163.com/edit/001013/001013_42352.html 8. ^http://news.21cn.com/today/2006/09/14/2973393.shtml 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.literaturseiten.de/xingjian.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203727/http://www.literaturseiten.de/xingjian.htm |archivedate=March 10, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} 10. ^https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/gao-lecture-e.html External links{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Gao Xingjian}}
17 : 1940 births|Living people|20th-century Chinese painters|20th-century Chinese writers|20th-century dramatists and playwrights|Nobel laureates in Literature|Chinese dramatists and playwrights|Chinese emigrants to France|Chinese literary critics|Writers from Jiangxi|Han Chinese Nobel laureates|French Nobel laureates|French translators|Naturalized citizens of France|People from Ganzhou|Male dramatists and playwrights|Chinese male novelists |
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