“16 Great Turkic Empires”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 16 Great Turkic Empires ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|16 Büyük Türk Devleti}}}}, also translated as "16 Great Turkish Empires") is a concept in Turkish ethnic nationalism, introduced in 1969 by Akib Özbek^[1] and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of Kenan Evren.

The list

Reception

Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız, supporter of the pan-Turkist or Turanism ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list, some ostensibly Turkic states (such as Akkoyunlu) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."^[3]

In spite of Atsız' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, under the presidency of Kenan Evren, when "Turkish-Islamic synthesis" was declared the official nature of Turkish national identity. The Turkish Postal administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the 16 Empires in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as attributed flags.^[4] In 1985, Özbek's 16 Empires were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 stars in the presidential seal of Turkey (introduced in 1936).^[5]

Several municipal buildings and public parks in Turkey have collections of busts or statues of the supposed founders of the "16 Empires" alongside a statue of Kemal Atatürk, including the municipal buildings of Keçiören (Ankara), Mamak, Ankara, Etimesgut, Niğde, Nevşehir, Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, etc.^[6]

In 2000, Türk Telekom produced a series of smart cards dedicated to the topic.^[7]

In January 2015, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas in the Turkish Presidential Palace with a guard of 16 "warriors", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires.^[8] The costumes were ridiculed in the Turkish media, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a "bathrobe", becoming a trend on social media under the name of Duşakabinoğul (as it were "son of the shower cabin").^[9]

See also

References

1. ^H. Feridun Demokan, Contemporary Turkey: Geography, History, Economy, Art, Tourism, Demokan, 1978, p. 4.Necdet Evliyagil, Sami Güner, Basın-Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Ajans-Türk, Türkiye: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıl Kitabı, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii, 1973.
2. ^Dates as shown in the original document{{clarify|date=April 2016}}{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
3. ^On line history newspaper ({{tr icon}}) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321225542/http://tarihgazetesi.net/index.php/yazilar/makaleler/1592-16-tuerk-devleti-ve-nihal-ats-z |date=2016-03-21 }} Nihal Atsız {{tr icon}}
4. ^¹Ivan Sache, Presentation of the Sixteen Great Turkish Empires and their alleged flags, Flags of the World, 4 July 2004; c.f. [https://galeri7.uludagsozluk.com/248/tarihteki-16-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk-t%C3%BCrk-devleti_438933.jpg jpeg of the 1984 stamp series]. The flags were designed by Özbek in 1969. They are mostly imaginary, with the exception of the 1844 Ottoman flag, and arguably the wolf's head and the bow-and-arrow used as emblems for the Göktürk and the Seljuk states, respectively. Ekrem Buğra Ekinci, 16 TÜRK DEVLETİ Cumhurbaşkanlığı forsundaki 16 yıldız neyi ifade ediyor?, 2 February 2015.
5. ^Central Eurasian Studies Review, Vol. 3, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=a_TpTcLKDoX6vwO9hsXqDw&ct=result&id=FcQuAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Great+Turkish+Empires%22+Central+Eurasian&q=%22Great+Turkish+Empires%22 p. 23]
6. ^¹[https://web.archive.org/web/20160814032941/http://www.fotokritik.com/arama/ankara%20ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6ren/2 Keçiören] {{coord|39|58|41|N|32|52|3|E|}}. Etimesgut Belediyesi kent meydanı için hazırlanan 16 Türk Büyüğü heykelleri. Niğde’nin simgesi Türk Büyükleri heykelleri kaldırılıyor mu? Türk devlet büyükleri Mamak'ta Türk Büyükleri Anıtları Yenilendi (Nevşehir). "Pınarbaşı Turkishness Monument" (Pınarbaşı Türklük Anıtı, opened in 2000).
7. ^Büyük Türk Devletleri
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/spear-carriers-chainmail-warriors-erdogans-palace-welcome-195654554.html|title=Spear-carriers and chainmail warriors: Erdogan's palace welcome|publisher=Yahoo! News|accessdate=14 January 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.diken.com.tr/dusakabinogullari-istifa-getirdi-o-kiyafete-bornoz-diyen-dekan-gorevinden-ayrildi/|title=‘Duşakabinoğulları’ istifa getirdi: O kıyafete ‘bornoz’ diyen dekan görevinden ayrıldı|publisher=Diken|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/dusakabinogullari-3-ay-surmus-712029/|title=Duşakabinoğulları 3 ay sürmüş!|publisher=Sözcü|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|title=Duşakabinoğullarını Dolmabahçe Sarayı'na getirdi|publisher=Birgün|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527032843/http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|archive-date=2016-05-27|dead-url=yes|df=}} The Takvim daily newspaper omitted a label for this particular costume (Western Hunnic Empire) by mistake; diken.com.tr.