“Garda Síochána”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Since the formation of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} in 1923, it has been a predominantly unarmed force, and more than three-quarters of the force do not routinely carry firearms.^[7] As of 31 July 2018, the police service had 14,300 sworn members (including 549 Reserves) and 2,310 civilian staff.^[2] Operationally, the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} is organised into six geographical regions: the Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern, Western and Dublin Metropolitan Regions.^[8]

In addition to its crime detection and prevention roles, road safety enforcement duties, and community policing remit, the police service has some diplomatic and witness protection responsibilities and border control functions.

Terminology

The service was originally named the Civic Guard in English,^[9] but in 1923 it became An Garda Síochána in both English and Irish. This is usually translated as "the Guardian(s) of the Peace".^[10] Garda Síochána na hÉireann ("of Ireland", {{IPA-ga|ˈɡaːrd̪ə ˈʃiːxaːn̪ˠə n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ}}) appears on its logo but is seldom used elsewhere.

The full official title of the police service is rarely used in speech. How it is referred to depends on the register being used. It is variously known as {{lang|ga|An Garda Síochána}}; the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}}; the {{lang|ga|Garda}}; the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} (plural); and it is popularly called "the guards".^[11] Although {{lang|ga|Garda}} is singular, in these terms it is used as a collective noun, like police.

An individual officer is called a {{lang|ga|garda}} (plural {{lang|ga|gardaí}}), or, informally, a "guard". A police station is called a {{lang|ga|Garda}} station. {{lang|ga|Garda}} is also the name of the lowest rank within the force (e.g. "{{lang|ga|Garda}} John Murphy", analogous to the British term "constable" or the American "officer", "deputy", "trooper", etc.). "Guard" is the most common form of address used by members of the public speaking to a garda on duty. A female officer was once officially referred to as a {{anchor|Bangharda}} {{lang|ga|bangharda}} ({{IPA|[ˈbˠanˌɣaːɾˠd̪ˠə]}}; "female guard"; plural {{lang|ga|banghardaí}}). This term was abolished in 1990,^[12] but is still used colloquially in place of the now gender-neutral {{lang|ga|garda}}.

Organisation

The service is headed by the Garda Commissioner, whose immediate subordinates are two Deputy Commissioners – in charge of "Policing and Security" and "Governance and Strategy", respectively – and a Chief Administrative Officer with responsibility for resource management (personnel, finance, Information and Communications Technology, and accommodation). There is an Assistant Commissioner for each of the six geographical Regions, along with a number dealing with other national support functions. The six geographical {{lang|ga|Garda}} Regions, each overseen by an Assistant Commissioner, are:^[8]

At an equivalent or near-equivalent level to the Assistant Commissioners are the positions of Chief Medical Officer, Executive Director of Information and Communications Technology, and Executive Director of Finance.

Directly subordinate to the Assistant Commissioners are approximately 40 Chief Superintendents, about half of whom supervise what are called Divisions. Each Division contains a number of Districts, each commanded by a Superintendent assisted by a team of Inspectors. Each District contains a number of Subdistricts, which are usually commanded by Sergeants.

Typically each Subdistrict contains only one Garda station. A different number of {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} are based at each station depending on its importance. Most of these stations employ the basic rank of {{lang|ga|Garda}}, which was referred to as the rank of Guard until 1972. The most junior members of the service are students, whose duties can vary depending on their training progress. They are often assigned clerical duties as part of their extracurricular studies.

The Garda organisation also has approximately 2,000 non-officer support staff^[15] encompassing a range of areas such as human resources, occupational health services, finance and procurement, internal audit, IT and telecommunications, accommodation and fleet management, scenes-of-crime support, research and analysis, training and general administration. The figure also includes industrial staff such as traffic wardens, drivers and cleaners. It is ongoing government policy to bring the level of non-officer support in the organisation up to international standards, allowing more officers to undertake core operational duties.{{fact|date=July 2018}}

Reserve {{lang|ga|Gardaí}}

The Garda Síochána Act 2005 provided for the establishment of a Garda Reserve to assist the force in performing its functions, and supplement the work of members of the Garda Síochána.

The intent of the Garda Reserve is "to be a source of local strength and knowledge". Reserve members are to carry out duties defined by the Garda Commissioner and sanctioned by the Minister for Justice and Equality. With reduced training of 128 hours, these duties and powers must be executed under the supervision of regular members of the Service; they are also limited with respect to those of regular members.

The first batch of 36 Reserve Gardaí graduated on 15 December 2006 at the Garda College, in Templemore.^[16] As of October 2016, there were 789 Garda Reserve members with further training scheduled for 2017.^[17]

Departments

Rank structure

Equipment

Most uniformed members of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} do not routinely carry firearms. Individual Gardaí have been issued ASP extendable batons and pepper spray as their standard issue weapons while handcuffs are provided as restraints.^[18]

The service, when originally created, was armed, but the Provisional Government reversed the decision and reconstituted the service as an unarmed police service. This was in contrast to the attitude of the British Dublin Castle administration, which refused appeals from the Royal Irish Constabulary that the service be disarmed.^[19] In the words of first Commissioner, Michael Staines, TD, "the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} will succeed not by force of arms or numbers, but on their moral authority as servants of the people." This reflected the approach in the Dublin Metropolitan Police, which had also been unarmed, but did not extend to the CID detective branch, who were armed from the outset.

According to Tom Garvin such a decision gave the new force a cultural ace: "the taboo on killing unarmed men and women who could not reasonably be seen as spies and informers."^[19]

Armed Gardaí

The Gardaí is primarily an unarmed force; however, detectives and certain units such as the Regional Support Units (RSU) and the Emergency Response Unit (ERU) are commissioned to carry firearms and do so.

The armed officers serve as a support to regular Gardaí. Armed units were established in response to a rise in the number of armed incidents dealt with by regular members.^[20] To be issued with a firearm, or to carry a firearm whilst on duty, a member must be in possession of a valid gun card, and cannot wear a regular uniform.

Armed Gardaí carry Sig Sauer P226 and Walther P99C semi-automatic pistols. Armed intervention units and specialist Detective units carry a variety of primary weapons, including the Heckler & Koch MP7 personal defence weapon as the standard issue weapon, alongside the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun.

In addition to issued pistols, less-lethal weapons such as tasers and large pepper spray canisters are carried also by the ERU.^[21]

Diplomatic protection

The Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU) are primarily responsible for providing armed close protection to senior officials in Ireland.^[22] They provide full-time armed protection and transport for the President, Taoiseach, Tánaiste, Minister for Justice and Equality, Attorney General, Chief Justice, Director of Public Prosecutions, Ambassadors and Diplomats deemed 'at risk', as well as foreign dignitaries visiting Ireland and citizens deemed to require armed protection as designated so by the Garda Commissioner.^[23] The Commissioner is also protected by the unit. All cabinet ministers are afforded armed protection at heightened levels of risk when deemed necessary by Garda Intelligence,^[24] and their places of work and residences are monitored.^[25] Former Presidents and Taoisigh are protected if their security is under threat, otherwise they only receive protection on formal state occasions.^[26] The Emergency Response Unit (ERU), a section of the SDU, are deployed on more than 100 VIP protection duties per year.^[27]

Vehicles

History

The Civic Guard was formed by the Provisional Government in February 1922 to take over the responsibility of policing the fledgling Irish Free State. It replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and the Irish Republican Police of 1919–22. In August 1922 the force accompanied Michael Collins when he met the Lord Lieutenant in Dublin Castle.^[28]

The Garda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 enacted after the creation of the Irish Free State on 8 August 1923,^[29] provided for the creation of "a force of police to be called and known as 'The {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}}{{'"}}.^[30] Under section 22, The Civic Guard were deemed to have been established under and to be governed by the Act. The law therefore effectively renamed the existing force.

The seven-week Civic Guard Mutiny began in May 1922, when Garda recruits took over the Kildare Depot. It resulted in Michael Staines' resignation in September.

During the Civil War of 1922–23, the new Free State set up the Criminal Investigation Department as an armed, plain-clothed counter-insurgency unit. It was disbanded after the end of the war in October 1923 and elements of it were absorbed into the Dublin Metropolitan Police.

In Dublin, policing remained the responsibility of the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP, founded 1836) until it merged with the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} in 1925. Since then the {{lang|ga|Garda}} has been the only civil police service in the state now known as Ireland. Other police forces with limited powers are the Military Police within the Irish Defence Forces, the Airport Police Service, and Dublin Harbour Police and Dún Laoghaire Harbour Police forces.

Scott Medal

First established in 1925, the Scott Medal for Bravery is the highest honour for bravery and valour awarded to a member of the Garda Síochána. The first medals were funded by Colonel Walter Scott, an honorary Commissioner of the New York Police Department.^[31] The first recipient of the Scott Medal was Pat Malone of St. Luke's Cork City who – as an unarmed {{lang|ga|Garda}} – disarmed Tomás Óg Mac Curtain (the son of Tomás Mac Curtain).

To mark the United States link, the American English spelling of valor is used on the medal. The {{lang|ga|Garda}} Commissioner chooses the recipients of the medal, which is presented by the Minister for Justice and Equality.

In 2000, Anne McCabe – the widow of Jerry McCabe, a garda who was killed by armed Provisional IRA bank robbers – accepted the Scott Medal for Bravery that had been awarded posthumously to her husband.^[32]

The Irish Republican Police had at least one member killed by the RIC 21 July 1920. The Civic Guard had one killed by accident 22 September 1922 and another was killed in March 1923 by Frank Teeling. Likewise 4 members of the Oriel House Criminal Investigation Department were killed or died of wounds during the Irish Civil War.^[33] The {{lang|ga|Garda}} Roll of Honor lists over 80 Garda members killed between 1922 and the present.

{{lang|ga|Garda}} Commissioners

The first Commissioner, Michael Staines, who was a Pro-Treaty member of {{lang|ga|Dáil Éireann}}, held office for only eight months. It was his successors, Eoin O'Duffy and Éamon Broy, who played a central role in the development of the service. O'Duffy was Commissioner in the early years of the service when to many people's surprise the viability of an unarmed police service was established. O'Duffy later became a short-lived political leader of the quasi-fascist Blueshirts before heading to Spain to fight alongside Francisco Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. Broy had greatly assisted the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Anglo-Irish War, while serving with the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). Broy's fame grew in the 1990s when he featured in the film Michael Collins, in which it was misleadingly suggested that he had been murdered by the British during the War of Independence, when in reality he lived for decades and headed the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} from 1933 to 1938. Broy was followed by Commissioners Michael Kinnane (1938–52) and Daniel Costigan (1952–65). The first Commissioner to rise from the rank of ordinary Garda was William P. Quinn, who was appointed in February 1965.

One later Commissioner, Edmund Garvey, was sacked by the {{lang|ga|Fianna Fáil}} government of Jack Lynch in 1978 after it had lost confidence in him. Garvey won "unfair dismissal" legal proceedings against the government, which was upheld in the Irish Supreme Court^[43] This outcome required the passing of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} Act 1979 to retrospectively validate the actions of Garvey's successor since he had become Commissioner.^[44] Garvey's successor, Patrick McLaughlin, was forced to resign along with his deputy in 1983 over his peripheral involvement in a political scandal.

On 25 November 2014 Nóirín O'Sullivan was appointed as Garda Commissioner, after acting as interim Commissioner since March 2014, following the unexpected retirement of Martin Callinan. It was noted that as a result most top justice posts in Ireland at the time were held by women.^[45] The first female to hold the top rank, Commissioner O'Sullivan joined the force in 1981, and was among the first members of a plain-clothes unit set up to tackle drug dealing in Dublin.

On 10 September 2017 Nóirín O'Sullivan announced her retirement from the force and, by extension, Garda Commissioner. Upon her retirement, Deputy Commissioner Dónall Ó Cualáin was appointed Acting Commissioner pending a permanent replacement.^[46] In June 2018, Drew Harris was named as this replacement, and officially appointed in September 2018 following Ó Cualáin's retirement.^[47]^[48]^[49]

Past reserve forces

During the Second World War (often referred to in Ireland as "the Emergency") there were two reserve forces to the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}}, {{lang|ga|An Taca Síochána}} and the Local Security Force.^[50]

The Local Security Force (LSF) did not have the power of arrest, and part of the reserve was soon incorporated into the Irish Army Reserve under the command of the Irish Army.^[51]

Inter-jurisdiction co-operation

Northern Ireland

The Patten Report recommended that a programme of long-term personnel exchanges should be established between the Garda Síochána and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). This recommendation was enacted in 2002 by an Inter-Governmental Agreement on Policing Cooperation, which set the basis for the exchange of officer between the two services. There are three levels of exchanges:

The protocols for this movements of personnel were signed by both the Chief Constable of the PSNI and the Garda Commissioner on 21 February 2005.^[52]

Other jurisdictions

Since 1989, the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} has undertaken United Nations peace-keeping duties. Its first such mission was a 50 strong contingent sent to Namibia. Since then the force has acted in Angola, Cambodia, Cyprus, Mozambique, South Africa and the former Yugoslavia. The force's first fatality whilst working abroad was Sergeant Paul M. Reid, who was fatally injured while on duty with the United Nations UNPROFOR at "Sniper's Alley" in Sarajevo on 18 May 1995.

Members of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} also serve in the Embassies of Ireland in London, The Hague, Madrid and Paris. Members are also seconded to Europol in The Hague, in the Netherlands and Interpol in Lyon, France. There are also many members working directly for UN and European agencies such as the War Crimes Tribunal.

Under an agreement with the British Government and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} and the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland are allowed to inspect the Sellafield nuclear facility in Cumbria, England.

Controversy and allegations involving the police service

The Gardaí have faced complaints or allegations of discourtesy, harassment and perjury.^[53] A total of 1,173 complaints were made against the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} in 2005,^[54] with over 2000 complaints made in 2009.^[55]

Some such incidents have attracted broad attention and resulted in a number of reform initiatives—such as those relating to Garda whistleblowers or which led to the Morris and Barr Tribunals.^[56]

Mishandling of cases and complaints

The Kerry Babies case was one of the first public inquiries into mishandling of a {{lang|ga|Garda}} investigation. Later, in the 1980s, the Ferns Report (an inquiry into allegations of clerical sexual abuse) described as "wholly inadequate" the handling of one of eight formal complaints made to Wexford gardaí, but noted that the remaining formal complaints were handled in an "effective, professional and sensitive" manner.^[57]

The Gardaí were also criticised in the Murphy Report^[58] in relation to the handing over of the case of Fr. Paul McGennis to Archbishop McQuaid by Commissioner Costigan.^[59] Some very senior Gardaí were criticised for regarding priests as being outside their remit in 1960.^[60] On 26 November 2009, then Commissioner Fachtna Murphy apologised for the failure of the Garda Síochána to protect victims of child abuse,^[61] saying that inappropriate contact between gardaí and the Dublin Archdiocese had taken place at the time,^[61] and later announced an examination into the report's findings.^[62]

The Gardaí were criticised by the commission of investigation into the Dean Lyons case for their handling of the investigation into the Grangegorman killings. In his report, George Birmingham said that the Gardaí had used leading questions in their interviews with Lyons, and had failed to act on a suspicion that Lyons' confession was unreliable. For a period, the gardaí involved in the case failed to act on the knowledge that another man, Mark Nash, had confessed to the crime.^[63]

Allegations resulting in Tribunals of Inquiry

In the 1990s and early 2000s the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} faced allegations of corrupt and dishonest policing in County Donegal. This became the subject of a Garda inquiry (the Carty inquiry) and subsequent judicial inquiry (the Morris Tribunal). The Morris Tribunal found that some gardaí based in County Donegal had invented a Provisional IRA informer, made bombs and claimed credit for locating them, and attempted to frame Raphoe publican Frank McBrearty Junior for murder{{spaced ndash}}the latter case involving a €1.5m settlement with the State.^[64] A similar case saw a €4.5m judgement,^[65] after another Donegal publican was wrongly convicted based on "perjured Garda evidence" and "a conspiracy to concoct false evidence" by the same Donegal-based gardaí.^[66]^[67]^[68]

On 20 April 2000, members of the Emergency Response Unit (ERU) shot dead 27-year-old John Carthy at the end of a 25-hour siege as he left his home in Abbeylara, County Longford with a loaded shotgun in his hands. There were allegations made of inappropriate handling of the situation and of the reliance of lethal force by the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}}. This led to a {{lang|ga|Garda}} inquiry, and subsequently, a Tribunal of Inquiry under Justice Robert Barr. The official findings of the tribunal were that the responsible sergeant had made 14 mistakes in his role as negotiator during the siege, and failed to make real efforts to achieve resolution during the armed stand-off. It further stated however that the sergeant was limited by lack of experience and resources (including psychologists, solicitors, dogs), and recommended a review of {{lang|ga|Garda}} command structures, and that the ERU be equipped with stun guns and other non-lethal options. The Barr tribunal further recommended a formal working arrangement between Gardaí and state psychologists, and improvements in Garda training.

Allegations involving abuse of powers

One of the first charges of serious impropriety against the force rose out of the handling of the Sallins Train Robbery in 1976. This case eventually led to accusations that a "Heavy Gang" within the force intimidated and tortured the accused. This eventually led to a Presidential pardon for one of the accused.

In 2004, an RTÉ Prime Time documentary accused elements within the {{lang|ga|Garda}} of abusing their powers by physically assaulting people arrested. A retired Circuit Court judge (W. A. Murphy) suggested that some members of the force had committed perjury in criminal trials before him but later stated that he was misquoted, while Minister of State Dick Roche, accused Gardaí in one instance of "torture". The {{lang|ga|Garda}} Commissioner accused the television programme of lacking balance. The documentary followed the publication of footage by the Independent Media Centre showing scuffles between {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} and Reclaim the Streets demonstrators.^[69] One {{lang|ga|Garda}} in the footage was later convicted of common assault, while several other {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} were acquitted.

In 2014, a debate arose relating to alleged abuse of process in cancelling penalty points (for traffic offences), and a subsequent controversy resulted in a number of resignations.^[70]

In 2017, Dara Quigley, who lived with mental illness, was arrested for public nudity, an incident captured on CCTV. A garda went to the police station CCTV control room and recorded the incident on a phone, then shared it to a WhatsApp group including other gardai. The video was quickly shared to Facebook and went viral. Quigley took her own life several days later. The Garda elected not to charge the garda with a crime.^[71]

Allegations involving cross-border policing and collusion with the IRA

Former head of intelligence of the Provisional IRA, Kieran Conway claimed that in 1974 the IRA were tipped-off by "high-placed figures" within the Gardaí about a planned RUC Special Branch raid, which was intended to capture members of the IRA command. Asked if this was just a one-off example of individual Gardaí colluding with the IRA, Conway claimed: "It wasn't just in 1974 and it wasn't just concentrated in border areas like Dundalk, it was some individuals but it was more widespread."^[72]

Following a recommendation from the Cory Collusion Inquiry, the Smithwick Tribunal investigated allegations of collusion following the 1989 killing of two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers by the Provisional IRA as they returned from a meeting with the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}}. The tribunal's report was published in December 2013,^[73]^[74] and noted that, although there was no "smoking gun", Judge Smithwick was "satisfied there was collusion in the murders" and that "evidence points to the fact that there was someone within the Garda station assisting the IRA". The report was also critical of two earlier Garda investigations into the murders, which it described as "inadequate". Irish Justice Minister Alan Shatter apologised "without reservation" for the failings identified in the report.^[75]^[76]

The family of Eddie Fullerton, a Buncrana {{lang|ga|Sinn Féin}} councillor killed in 1991 by members of the Ulster Defence Association, criticised the subsequent {{lang|ga|Garda}} investigation,^[77]^[78] and in 2006, the then Minister for Justice considered a public inquiry into the case.^[79]

Operational management and finances

Protests at the proposed Royal Dutch Shell Corrib gas refinery near Erris, County Mayo saw large Garda operations with up to 200 Gardaí involved.^[80] By September 2008, the cost of the operation was €10 million, and by January 2009 estimated to have cost €13.5 million.^[81] Some outlets compared this to the €20 million budgeted for operations targeting organised crime.^[82] A section of road used by the protesters was allegedly dubbed "the Golden Mile" by Gardaí because of overtime opportunities.^[83] Complaints were also made about Garda management and handling of the protests.^[84]^[85]

In 2017, a number of reported operational issues (including handling of the Garda whistleblower scandal, falsified alcohol breath tests, and the finances of the Garda Training College) were referenced as contributors to the early retirement of then commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan.^[86]^[87]

Reform initiatives

Arising from some of the above incidents, the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} underwent a number of reform initiatives in the early 21st century. The Morris Tribunal in particular recommended major changes to the organisation's management, discipline, promotion and accountability arrangements. Many of these recommendations were subsequently implemented under the Garda Síochána Act 2005.

It was also stated by the tribunal chairman, Justice Morris, that the code of discipline was extremely complex and, at times, "cynically manipulated" to promote indiscipline across the force. Judicial reviews, for example, were cited as a means for delaying disciplinary action.

The fall-out from the Morris Tribunal was considerable. While fifteen members of the force were sacked between 2001 and 2006, and a further 42 resigned in lieu of dismissal in the same period, Commissioner Conroy stated that he was constrained in the responses available to deal with members whose misbehaviour is cited in public inquiries.^[89]

Updated procedures and code of discipline

With strong support from opposition parties, and reflecting widespread political consensus, the Minister for Justice responded to many of these issues by announcing a new draft code of discipline on 17 August 2006. The new streamlined code^[90] introduced new procedures to enable the Commissioner to summarily dismiss a {{lang|ga|Garda}} alleged to have brought the force into disrepute, abandoned duties, compromised the security of the State or unjustifiably infringed the rights of other persons.

In addition, a four-member "non-officer management advisory team" was appointed in August 2006 to advise on implementing change options and addressing management and leadership challenges facing the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}}. The advisers were also mandated to promote a culture of performance management, succession planning, recruitment of non-officers with specialist expertise, and improved training. The advisory team included Senator Maurice Hayes, Emer Daly (former director of strategic planning and risk management at Axa Insurance), Maurice Keane (former group chief executive at Bank of Ireland), Michael Flahive (Assistant Secretary at the Department of Justice and Dr Michael Mulreany (assistant director general at the Institute of Public Administration).

Enhanced non-officer support

Clerical and administrative support has been significantly enhanced in recent times. In the two-year period from December 2006 to December 2008 whole-time equivalent non-officer staffing levels were increased by over 60%, from under 1,300 to approximately 2,100, in furtherance of official policies to release more desk-bound {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} for operational duties and to bring the level of general support in line with international norms. A new tier of middle and senior non-officer management has also been introduced in a range of administrative and technical/professional support areas. A Chief Administrative Officer at Deputy Commissioner level was appointed in October 2007 to oversee many of these key support functions.

{{lang|ga|Garda}} Inspectorate

In accordance with Section 115 of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} Act, the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} Inspectorate consists of three members who are appointed by the Irish Government. The functions of the Inspectorate, inter alia, are as follows:

The first Chief Inspector (since July 2006), is former Commissioner of Boston Police, Kathleen M. O'Toole. She reports directly to the Minister for Justice and Equality.

From 2006 to 2009, O'Toole was supported by two other inspectors, Robert Olsen and Gwen M. Boniface. Olsen was Chief of Police for 8 years of the Minneapolis Police Department. Boniface is a former Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, and was one of 3 female police commissioners in Canada when appointed in May 1998. She suggested that rank and file Gardaí were not equipped to perform their duties or protect themselves properly. She also suggested that routine arming may become a reality but dismissed the suggestion that this was currently being considered.

{{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} Ombudsman Commission

Over 2000 complaints were made against the organisation in 2009.^[55] The Garda Commissioner referred over 100 incidents where the conduct of a garda resulted in death or serious injury to the Ombudsman for investigation. Also newly instrumented, the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (referred to colloquially as the Garda Ombudsman or simply abbreviated to GSOC) replaces the earlier system of complaints (the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} Complaints Board). Becoming fully operational on 9 May 2007, the Commission is empowered to:

The members of the {{lang|ga|Garda}} Ombudsman Commission are: Dermot Gallagher (Chairman; former Secretary General at the Department of Foreign Affairs), Carmel Foley (former Director of Consumer Affairs), and Conor Brady (former editor of The Irish Times and author of a book on the history of the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}}). The Commission's first chairman was Kevin Haugh (a High Court Judge) who died in early 2009, shortly before his term of office was to conclude.^[91]

Policing Authority

In the first week of November 2014, Minister for Justice Frances Fitzgerald obtained the approval of the Irish Cabinet for the General Scheme^[92] of the Garda Síochána (Amendment) Bill 2014, intended to create a new independent policing authority, in what she described as the 'most far-reaching reform’ of the Garda Síochána since the State was founded in 1922.^[93] State security will remain the responsibility of the Minister and will be outside the remit of the Authority.^[94] On 13 November 2014, she announced that the chairperson-designate of the new authority would be outgoing Revenue Commissioners chairperson Josephine Feehily.^[95]

Public attitudes to the Garda Síochána

The Garda Public Attitudes Survey 2017 found that 74% of respondents were satisfied with the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}},^[96] down from 81% in the 2008 survey.^[97]

The 2017 survey (taken before revelations of false breath tests, wrongful convictions and the departure of the then commissioner)^[98] also found that less than half of respondents believed that the {{lang|ga|Gardaí}} was a well managed or world-class police service.^[96]

Labour disputes

Industrial action (including work-to-rule and withdrawal of labour) was threatened by Gardaí during 2016, arising out of a dispute on pay and conditions.^[99]

Structural reform

In 2019, the European Network Against Racism Ireland submitted a paper calling for the Garda's Garda Racial, Intercultural, and Diversity Office to be disbanded and replaced with a specialist unit due to its limited manpower and resources to tackle hate crime cases.^[100]

{{lang|ga|Garda}} Band

The {{lang|ga|Garda}} Band is a public relations branch of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}}, and was formed shortly after the foundation of the force. It gave its first public performance on Dún Laoghaire Pier on Easter Monday 1923, and its first Bandmaster was Superintendent D.J. Delaney.^[101] In 1938, the Dublin Metropolitan {{lang|ga|Garda}} Band (based at Kevin Street) and the {{lang|ga|Garda}} Band amalgamated and were based at {{lang|ga|Garda}} Headquarters in Phoenix Park.^[101]

The band was disbanded in 1965. However to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} it was reformed in 1972.{{fact|date=June 2017}}

Besides providing music for official {{lang|ga|Garda}} functions (such as graduation ceremonies at the Garda College) the band also performs at schools, festivals and sporting events.^[102] This includes performances at international soccer and rugby union matches, some G.A.A. games, the St. Patrick's Day parade in Dublin, the Rose of Tralee festival, and other events.^[103]^[104]

In 1964 the band toured the United States and Canada under Superintendent J. Moloney.^[105]

Members of the band, none of whom are involved in policing duties, were paid an average of €58,985 Euros in 2017.^[106]^[107]

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite book|last1=McNiffe|first1=Liam|title=A History of the Garda Síochána|date=1997|publisher=Wolfhound Press|location=Dublin|isbn=0863275818|page=11|quote=The Provisional Government of the Irish Free State set up a committee to organise a new police force. The committee first met in the Gresham Hotel, Dublin, on Thursday, 9 February 1922 ... ... ...The first recruit was officially attested on 21 February 1922 and he had been joined by ninety-eight others by the end of that month}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web|url = https://www.garda.ie/en/FAQs/ | publisher = Garda Síochána | title = FAQs - How many Garda Members are there? | accessdate = 25 November 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.budget.gov.ie/Budgets/2015/Documents/Part%20IV%20Estimates%20for%20Public%20Services%202015.pdf |publisher= Department of Finance |work=Budget 2015 |title=Part IV Estimates for Public Services 2015 – Incorporating Summary Public Capital Programme (Table 1) |page=142}}
4. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.politics.ie/news/2011-census-ireland-s-population-stands-4-588-252-220.html | publisher = Politics.ie | title = 2011 Census: Ireland's population stands at 4,588,252 | date = 29 March 2012 }}
5. ^{{cite web|title=The reasons for the selection of Garda Stations to be closed|url=http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/SP13000037|publisher=Dept of Justice and Equality|accessdate=26 June 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web |title=Department of Justice and Equality | Garda Transport Data |url=https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2017-03-02a.39&s=%22Garda+Transport+Data%22 |publisher=Kildare Street |accessdate=27 October 2017 | date = 2 March 2017 }}
7. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/uniformed-garda%C3%AD-will-remain-unarmed-commissioner-1.821942 | title = Uniformed gardaí will remain unarmed - Commissioner | publisher = Irish Times | date = 29 April 2008 | accessdate = 27 October 2017 | quote = "[The Commissioner] told delegates there were 3,500 armed members - almost a quarter of the force - and that his focus was on giving them the best training." }}
8. ^¹{{cite web|url = http://www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=21 | accessdate = 27 October 2017 |publisher=Garda Síochána | website=Garda.ie | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024070535/http://www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=21 | archivedate = 24 October 2017 | title = Geographical Layout - Regions, Divisions and Districts }}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&lpg=PA103&vq=%22Civic%20Guard%22&pg=PA103#v=snippet&q=%22Civic%20Guard%22&f=false|title=A Dictionary of Hiberno English: the Irish use of English|page=103|first=Terence Patrick|last=Dolan|year=2004|isbn=0-7171-3535-7|publisher=Gill & Macmillan Ltd}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.garda.ie/angarda/history.html |title=Short History of An Garda Siochana |publisher=Garda Síochána |accessdate=17 December 2006 |quote=the Garda Síochána (meaning in English: 'The Guardians of the Peace') |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901192828/http://garda.ie/angarda/history.html |archivedate = 1 September 2006}}
11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb8eAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=%22the+guards%22+garda&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hd5xU_ORIa-e7AaX34GYDw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20guards%22%20garda&f=false |title=Historical Dictionary of Ireland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|author=Frank A. Biletz|page=162| date=2013|isbn=9780810870918|accessdate=13 May 2014|series=[https://www.google.ie/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Historical+Dictionaries+of+Europe%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7 Historical Dictionaries of Europe]|quote=Garda Siochana (Guardians of the Peace). The national Police force of the Irish Republic. .... In 1925, the force was renamed the Garda Síochána na hÉireann ("Guard of the Peace of Ireland") ... Popularly called "the guards", the force is divided into six geographical regions: ...}}
12. ^{{cite web|url = http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0404/D.0404.199102050035.html | title = Garda Titles | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132614/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0404/D.0404.199102050035.html |archivedate=7 June 2011 | publisher = Dáil Éireann | work = Volume 404 | date= 5 February 1991}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2014-11-04a.1248&s=%2522Each+rank%2522#g1250.r|title=Garda Promotions: 4 Nov 2014: Written answers (KildareStreet.com)|website=www.kildarestreet.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=1710&Lang=1 |title=How many Garda Members are there? |last= |first= |date=2015-12-31 |website=www.garda.ie |publisher=An Garda Síochána - Ireland's National Police Service |access-date=2016-07-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411012201/http://www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=1710&Lang=1 |archivedate=11 April 2016 |df=dmy }}
15. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218015747/http://www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=1710&Lang=1|title=How many Garda Members are there? - An Garda Síochána - Ireland's National Police Service|date=2017-12-18|access-date=2018-07-29}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=First Garda Reserve members graduate|work=RTÉ News|publisher=RTÉ|date=15 December 2006|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1215/garda.html|accessdate=26 May 2007}}
17. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/falling-garda-reserve-numbers-limit-scope-for-strike-cover-1.2837337|publisher= Irish Times | title= Falling Garda Reserve numbers limit scope for ‘strike’ cover | date= 21 October 2016 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/leader-local/gardai-had-to-pepper-spray-disgruntled-bidder-at-auction-1-5189380|title=Gardai 'had to pepper spray' disgruntled bidder at auction|accessdate=13 June 2013|publisher=Limerick Leader|author=Mike Dwane}}
19. ^¹{{cite book|last=Garvin|first=Tom|year=2005|title=1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|edition=3rd|page=111|isbn=0-312-16477-7}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/New-armed-garda-unit-deployed.4455617.jp |title=New armed garda unit deployed in Limerick |accessdate=4 May 2009 |publisher=Limerick Leader |author=Anne Sheridan |date=3 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602214941/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/New-armed-garda-unit-deployed.4455617.jp |archivedate= 2 June 2009 |df=dmy }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.garda.ie/Documents/User/col_yr_bk_english.pdf |title=Garda College Yearbook listing weapons training on page 66 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124082839/http://www.garda.ie/Documents/User/col_yr_bk_english.pdf |archivedate=24 January 2014 |df=dmy }}
22. ^{{cite news|last1=O'Keeffe|first1=Cormac|title=The problems of trying to get policing and national security to walk the line|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/the-problems-of-trying-to-get-policing-and-national-security-to-walk-the-line-292044.html|accessdate=23 November 2014|publisher=The Irish Examiner|date=20 November 2014}}
23. ^{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Dan|title=Ministerial transport costs more than €14m since 2011|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/ministerial-transport-costs-more-than-14m-since-2011-1.2010553|accessdate=23 November 2014|publisher=The Irish Times|date=21 November 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|last2=Sheehan|first2=Fionnan|last3=O'Connor|first3=Niall|title=Armed gardai to 'shadow' ministers amid safety fears|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/water/irish-water-crisis/armed-gardai-to-shadow-ministers-amid-safety-fears-30762085.html|accessdate=23 November 2014|publisher=Irish Independent|date=21 November 2014}}
25. ^{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|last2=Sheehan|first2=Fionnan|last3=O'Connor|first3=Niall|title=Beefed up security for ministers as family water bills now down to €160|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/beefed-up-security-for-ministers-as-family-water-bills-now-down-to-160-30752835.html|accessdate=23 November 2014|publisher=Irish Independent|date=18 November 2014}}
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27. ^{{cite news|last1=Brady |first1=Tom |title=ERU on alert for G8 terrorist threat |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/eru-on-alert-for-g8-terrorist-threat-29201631.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140503201316/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/eru-on-alert-for-g8-terrorist-threat-29201631.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 May 2014 |accessdate=5 December 2014 |publisher=Irish Independent |date=17 April 2013 }}
28. ^{{cite book|last1=McNiffe|first1=Liam|title=A History of the Garda Síochána|date=1997|publisher=Wolfhound Press|location=Dublin|isbn=0863275818|page=24|quote=On 17 August 1922 three small companies of the Civic Guard from Newbridge took a special train to Kingsbridge from where they marched to Dame Street and halted in front of the gates of Dublin Castle. Led by Collins and Staines, they marched in, and the last of the British army and the RIC marched out}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Garda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1923_37.html|accessdate=29 March 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070208050524/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1923_37.html |archivedate = 8 February 2007}}
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31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.garda.ie/history4.html|title=Garda.ie – History of the Scott Medal|publisher=}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Murdered garda hero honoured |website=www.examiner.ie | publisher = Irish Examiner | url=http://ted.examiner.ie/archives/2000/july/7/current/ipage_5.htm |accessdate=29 March 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222175018/http://ted.examiner.ie/archives/2000/july/7/current/ipage_5.htm |archivedate=22 February 2006 |df=dmy }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esatclear.ie/~garda/issues.html|title=Garda issues|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2014}}
34. ^dismissed for encouraging military coup
35. ^lost government confidence
36. ^phone tapping scandal
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26730162|title=Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan resigns over whistleblower row|publisher=BBC|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=12 September 2017 |quote=}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/garda-commissioner-martin-callinan-resigns-1.1737410 |title=Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan resigns over whistleblower row|publisher=Irish Times|author1=Conor Lally|author2=Fiach Kelly|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=12 September 2017 |quote=Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan has tendered his shock resignation this morning following the deepening crisis over the penalty points controversy.}}
39. ^Penalty points controversy
40. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.thejournal.ie/the-new-garda-commissioner-1798928-Nov2014/|title=Nóirín O’Sullivan is the new Garda Commissioner|date=25 November 2014|work=Journal|accessdate=26 November 2014}}
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42. ^whistleblower scandal & breath test scandal
43. ^Ireland in the Twentieth Century, Tim Pat Coogan
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93. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/new-bill-provides-for-set-up-of-independent-policing-authority-1.1992744|title=New Bill provides for set up of independent policing authority|publisher=Irish Times|author=Stephen Collins|authorlink=Stephen Collins (journalist)|date=7 November 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015|quote=Fitzgerald says move ‘most far-reaching reform’ of Garda since foundation of State ... The general scheme of a Bill providing for the establishment of the new independent policing authority has been published by Minister for Justice Frances Fitzgerald.The Minister received the approval of the Cabinet this week for the heads of the Garda Síochána (Amendment) Bill 2014 which will pave the way for creation of the authority.}}
94. ^{{cite web |url=http://humanrights.ie/uncategorized/irelands-policing-authority/|title=Ireland’s Policing Authority|website = humanrights.ie | publisher = Human Rights in Ireland|author=Vicky Conway|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015|quote=Outside of it’s remit is security, a shorthand for state security which is defined as:[terrorism] [terrorist offences within the meaning of the Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005]; espionage; sabotage; acts intended to subvert or undermine parliamentary democracy or the institutions of the State, but not including lawful advocacy, protest or dissent, unless carried on in conjunction with any of those acts; and acts of foreign interference; If a dispute arises as to whether something is a security matter, the Minister will make the decision. There’s a pretty clear divide in the Scheme of the Bill; when something relates to security it falls to the Minister, when it relates to policing it falls to the Authority.}}
95. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/government-appoints-outgoing-revenue-commissioners-chairman-head-of-new-independent-policing-authority-30742481.html|title=Government appoints outgoing Revenue Commissioners chairman head of new independent policing authority|publisher=Irish Independent|author=Tom Brady |date=13 November 2014|accessdate=12 January 2015|quote=Justice Minister Frances Fitzgerald announced this afternoon that Ms Josephine Feehily would “bring a wealth of experience and competences” to her new role.She will be chairperson-designate until legislation establishing the authority has been fully enacted.}}
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104. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.thejournal.ie/garda-band-pride-festival-1480061-May2014/ | publisher = Journal.ie | title = Garda band proposal to take part in Pride parade | date = 23 May 2014 }}
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