“1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The United States Senate elections of 1854 and 1855 were elections which saw the final decline of the Whig Party and the continuing majority of the Democrats. Those Whigs in the South who were opposed to secession ran on the "Opposition Party" ticket, and were elected to a minority. Along with the Whigs, the Senate roster also included Free Soilers, Know Nothings, and a new party: the Republicans. Only five of the twenty-one Senators up for election were re-elected.

As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

As a result of the elections

Beginning of the next Congress

Beginning of the first session, December 3, 1855

Race summaries

Special elections during the 33rd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1854 or in 1855 before March 4; ordered by election date.

Races leading to the 34th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1855; ordered by state.

Elections during the 34th Congress

Complete list of races

New York

The election was held on February 6, 1855. William H. Seward had been elected in 1849 to this seat and his term would expire on March 3, 1855. At the time the Democratic Party was split into two opposing factions: the "Hards" and the "Softs". After most of the "Barnburners" had left the party, joining the Whigs, the majority of "Hunkers" split over the question of reconciliation with the minority of Barnburners who had remained Democrats. The Hard faction (led by Daniel S. Dickinson) was against it, in true Hunker fashion claiming all patronage for themselves; the Soft faction (led by William L. Marcy, which included the former Barnburners, advocated party unity as a necessity to defeat the Whigs.

In 1854, the Republican Party was founded as a national party, but in New York the Whigs and the Anti-Nebraska Party ran concurrently at the State election. The unification of these occurred in New York only during the nomination convention for the State election in November 1855. Also running in the 1854 election were the American Party and nominees of the Temperance movement. In a general way, party lines were blurred until the re-alignment during the late 1850s after the disbanding of the American Party.

At the State election in November 1853, 23 Whigs, 7 Hards and 2 Softs were elected for a two-year term (1854-1855) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1854, Whig State Senator Myron H. Clark was elected Governor of New York, and 82 Whigs, 26 Softs, 16 Hards and 3 Temperance men were elected for the session of 1855 to the New York State Assembly. "Know Nothings are sprinkled miscellaneously among Whigs, Hards and Softs; and exactly how many there are of these gentry in the Assembly Nobody Knows."^[4] The 78th New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 14, 1855, at Albany, New York.

In the Assembly, Seward received 69 votes, given by 65 Whigs; 1 Democrat; 1 Temperance man; 1 Republican and 1 Whig-Republican. Dickinson received 14 votes, given by 13 Democrats and 1 American. Horatio Seymour received the votes of 12 Democrats. Dix received 7 votes, given by 5 Democrats; 1 Independent Democrat and 1 Temperance man. Fillmore received 4 votes, given by 2 Whigs; 1 Democrat and 1 Temperance-American. Horatio Seymour, Jr., received the votes of 2 Americans. King, Butler, Lester, Wait and Bronson received 1 Democratic vote each. Campbell received 1 Temperance-American vote. Howell received 1 American vote. Hoffman and Haven received 1 Whig vote each.

In the State Senate, Seward received 18 Whig votes, Dickinson 5 Hard votes, and Allen 2 Whig votes. Preston and Church received 1 Soft vote each. Hoffman, Babcock, Ullmann and Fillmore received 1 American vote each.

Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

See also

Notes

1. ^Samuel S. Phelps (W-VT) had been appointed by the governor during a recess of the state legislature, and the legislature later convened and adjourned a session without electing a senator to replace fill the vacancy. The Senate ruled that Phelps had lost his entitlement to sit when the legislature adjourned. See {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=qDsbwABUeI0C&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=senate+samuel+phelps#PPA245,M1 | title=The Constitution in Congress| isbn=9780226129006| last1=Currie| first1=David P.| date=2005-05-10}}
2. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C | title= The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992 | edition=volume 4 Bicentennial | first1= Robert C. | last1= Byrd | author-link1=Robert Byrd | first2= Wendy | last2=Wolff | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | date=October 1, 1993 | isbn= 9780160632563 }}, page 80
3. ^{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=p90RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA427&dq=%22william+c.+dawson%22#v=onepage&q=%22william%20c.%20dawson%22&f=false | title=Stryker's American Register and Magazine| year=1849}}
4. ^Result and comment in [https://books.google.com/books?id=PVowAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA41 The Whig Almanac 1855] compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune