释义 |
- Results summary
- Change in Senate composition Before the elections As a result of the elections Beginning of the next Congress End of 1861
- Race summaries Special elections during the 36th Congress Races leading to the 37th Congress Elections during the 37th Congress
- Complete list of races New York Pennsylvania General class 3: January 8, 1861 Special class 1: March 14, 1861
- See also
- References
{{For|related races|United States elections, 1860}}{{Infobox election | election_name = United States Senate elections, 1860 and 1861 | country = United States | flag_year = 1859 | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = United States Senate elections, 1858 and 1859 | previous_year = 1858/59 | next_election = United States Senate elections, 1862 and 1863 | next_year = 1862/63 | seats_for_election = 22 of the 66 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) | majority_seats = 34 | election_date = Various dates | image_size = 100px | 1blank = Seats up | party1 = Democratic Party (United States) | last_election1 = 38 seats | seats_before1 = 38 | seats1 = 30 | seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 8 | 1data1 = 14 | party2 = Republican Party (United States) | last_election2 = 25 seats | seats_before2 = 26 | seats2 = 29 | seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3 | 1data2 = 7 | party3 = Know Nothing | last_election3 = 2 seats | seats_before3 = 2 | seats3 = 1 | seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 1 | 1data3 = 1 | title = Majority Party | before_election = Democratic Party | after_election = Democratic Party }}The United States Senate elections of 1860 and 1861 were elections corresponding with Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency. The nascent Republican Party increased their Senate seats in the general elections, and after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, Republicans gained control of the United States Senate. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account. As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures. Results summary Senate Party Division, 37th Congress (1861–1863) - Majority Party: Republican (29), later rose to 30
- Minority Party: Democratic (30), later dropped to 14
- Other Parties: Unionist (1), later rose to 4
- Vacant: (8), later rose to 20
- Total Seats: 68
Change in Senate composition Before the elections After the October 2, 1860 special election in Oregon. D3 | D2 | D1 | | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 | D12 | D13 | D23 | D22 | D21 | D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D24 | D25 Ran | D26 Ran | D27 Ran | D28 Unknown | D29 Unknown | D30 Retired | D31 Retired | D32 Retired | D33 Retired |
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Majority → | D34 Resigned |
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R24 Ran | R25 Unknown | R26 Retired | KN1 | KN2 Ran | D38 Withdrew | D37 Withdrew | D36 Withdrew | D35 Withdrew |
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R23 Ran | R22 Ran | R21 Ran | R20 Ran | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 |
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R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R3 | R2 | R1 | |
As a result of the elections V3 D Loss | V2 D Loss | V1 D Loss | |
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D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D21 | D23 | D22 | D24 | D25 Re-elected | D26 Re-elected | D27 Hold | D28 Hold | D29 Hold | D30 Gain |
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Plurality ↑ | KN1 | R21 Re-elected | R22 Re-elected | R23 Re-elected | R24 Re-elected | R25 Hold | R26 Hold | R27 Gain | R28 Gain | R29 Gain |
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R20 Re-elected | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
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R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | V4 D Loss | V5 D Loss | V6 D Loss | |
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Beginning of the next Congress V4 D Loss | V3 D Loss | V2 D Loss | V1 D Loss | |
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V5 D Loss | V6 D Loss | V7 D Loss | V8 D Loss | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 |
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D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 | D17 | D18 | D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | U1 Changed | R29 Hold | R28 | R27 |
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Majority → | R26 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | V12 | V11 | V10 | V9 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | V13 | V14 | V15 New state | V16 New state | |
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End of 1861 V4 | V3 | V2 | V1 | | V5 | V6 | V7 | V8 | V9 D Loss | V10 D Loss | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
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D14 Gain | D13 Gain | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 |
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U4 Gain | U3 Gain | U2 Gain | U1 | R30 Gain | R29 Hold | R28 Hold | R27 Hold | R26 | R25 |
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Majority → | R24 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 R Loss | V11 R Loss | R1 Gain | R2 Gain | R3 | R4 |
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V17 | V18 D Loss | V19 D Loss | V20 D Loss | |
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Key:D# | Democratic | KN# | Know Nothing | R# | Republican | U# | Unionist | V# | Vacant |
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Race summaries Special elections during the 36th Congress In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1860 or in 1861 before March 4; ordered by election date. State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
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Senator | Party | Electoral history |
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California (Class 1) | Henry P. Haun | Democratic | 1859 (Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. Winner elected March 5, 1860. Democratic hold. | √ Milton Latham (Democratic) Henry P. Haun (Democratic) {{dm}} | Oregon (Class 2) | Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect in 1858/1859. Winner elected October 2, 1860. Republican gain. | √ Edward D. Baker (Republican) {{dm}} | Maine (Class 1) | Hannibal Hamlin | Republican | 1848 (Special) 1851 1857 (Resigned) 1857 | Incumbent resigned to become U.S. Vice President. Winner elected January 17, 1861. Republican hold. | √ Lot M. Morrill (Republican) {{Dm}} |
Races leading to the 37th Congress In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats. State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
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Senator | Party | Electoral history |
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Alabama | Benjamin Fitzpatrick | Democratic | 1848 (Appointed) 1849 (Retired) 1853 (Appointed) 1853 (Special) 1855 | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. No replacement was elected. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until 1868. | None. | Arkansas | Robert W. Johnson | Democratic | 1853 (Appointed) 1854 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Successor elected in 1860 or 1861. Democratic hold. | √ Charles B. Mitchel (Democratic) {{dm}} | California | William M. Gwin | Democratic | 1850 1855 (Failure to elect) 1857 (Special) | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1860. Democratic hold. | √ James A. McDougall (Democratic) | Connecticut | Lafayette S. Foster | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected in 1860. | √ Lafayette S. Foster (Republican) {{dm}} | Florida | David Levy Yulee | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. No replacement was elected. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until 1868. | None. | Georgia | Alfred Iverson, Sr. | Democratic | 1854 or 1855 | Incumbent withdrew January 28, 1861. No replacement was elected. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until 1871. | None. | Illinois | Lyman Trumbull | Republican | 1854 or 1855 | Incumbent re-elected in 1861. | √ Lyman Trumbull (Republican) {{dm}} | Iowa | James Harlan | Republican | 1855 1857 (Election invalidated) 1857 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1860. | √ James Harlan (Republican) {{dm}} | Indiana | Graham N. Fitch | Democratic | 1857 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1860. Republican gain. | √ Henry Lane (Republican) {{dm}} | Kansas | Vacant | Kansas had become a state January 29, 1861 but did not elect its Senators until the next Congress, see below. | None. | Kentucky | John J. Crittenden | Know Nothing | 1816 1819 (Resigned) 1835 1841 (Retired) 1842 (Appointed) 1842 or 1843 (Special) 1843 1848 (Resigned) 1853 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected December 12, 1859, far in advance of the term. Democratic gain. Winner was subsequently expelled, see below. | √ John C. Breckinridge (Democratic) {{dm}} | Louisiana | John Slidell | Democratic | 1853 (Special) 1854 or 1855 | Incumbent resigned February 4, 1861. No replacement was elected. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until 1868. | None. | Maryland | James Pearce | Democratic | 1843 1849 1855 | Incumbent re-elected in 1861. | √ James Pearce (Democratic) {{dm}} | Missouri | James S. Green | Democratic | 1857 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until March 17, 1861, see below. | {{dm}} | New Hampshire | Daniel Clark | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent re-elected in 1861. | √ Daniel Clark (Republican) {{dm}} | New York | William H. Seward | Republican | 1849 1855 | Incumbent retired, expecting appointment to the Lincoln Administration. Winner elected February 5, 1861. Republican hold. | √ Ira Harris (Republican) Horatio Seymour (Democratic) | North Carolina | Thomas Clingman | Democratic | 1858 (Appointed) 1858 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1861. | √ Asa Biggs (Democratic) {{dm}} | Ohio | George E. Pugh | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1860. Republican gain. | √ Salmon P. Chase (Republican) George E. Pugh (Democratic) {{dm}} | Oregon | Joseph Lane | Democratic | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1860 or 1861. Democratic hold. | √ James Nesmith (Democratic) {{dm}} | Pennsylvania | William Bigler | Democratic | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 8, 1861. Republican gain. | √ Edgar Cowan (Republican) 73.68% Henry Foster (Democratic) 26.32% | South Carolina | James Henry Hammond | Democratic | 1857 | Incumbent withdrew November 11, 1860. No replacement was elected. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until 1868. | None. | Vermont | Jacob Collamer | Republican | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected in 1861. | √ Jacob Collamer (Republican) {{dm}} | Wisconsin | Charles Durkee | Republican | 1854 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1861. Republican hold. | √ Timothy O. Howe (Republican) {{dm}} |
Elections during the 37th Congress In these elections, the winners were elected in 1861 after March 4. State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
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Senator | Party | Electoral history |
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Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Vacant | Incumbent had resigned in the previous Congress. Winner was elected March 14, 1861. Republican gain. | √ David Wilmot (Republican) 72.18% William H. Welsh (Democratic) 25.56% Winthrop W. Ketcham (Republican) 0.75% William Wilkins (Democratic) 0.75% | Missouri (Class 3) | Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Winner was elected March 17, 1861. Democratic gain. | √ Waldo P. Johnson (Democratic) {{dm}} | Ohio (Class 3) | Salmon P. Chase | Republican | 1849 1855 (Retired) 1860 | Incumbent resigned December 4, 1860 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Winner was elected March 21, 1861. Republican hold. | √ John Sherman (Republican) {{dm}} | Kansas (Class 2) | New state | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861. Winner was elected late April 4, 1861. Republican gain. | √ James H. Lane (Republican) {{dm}} | Kansas (Class 3) | New state | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861. Winner was elected late April 4, 1861. Republican gain. | √ Samuel C. Pomeroy (Republican) {{dm}} | Virginia (Class 1) | James M. Mason | Democratic | 1847 (Special) 1850 1856 | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy. Winner was elected July 13, 1861. Unionist gain. | √ Waitman T. Willey (Unionist) {{dm}} | Virginia (Class 2) | Robert M. T. Hunter | Democratic | 1846 1852 1858 | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy. Winner was elected July 13, 1861. Unionist gain. | √ John S. Carlile (Unionist) {{dm}} | Kentucky (Class 3) | John C. Breckinridge | Democratic | 1859 | Incumbent expelled December 4, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy. Winner was elected December 10, 1861. Unionist gain. | √ Garrett Davis (Unionist) {{dm}} |
Complete list of races New York {{main|United States Senate election in New York, 1861}}The New York election was held February 5, 1861. Whig William H. Seward had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming Lincoln administration. At the State election in November 1859, 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860-1861) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1860, 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The 84th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at Albany, New York. Ira Harris was the candidate of the Republican Party. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1859. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853-1854) was the candidate of the Democratic Party. Both in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections. In the Assembly 119 votes were given. Republicans Smith Anthony (Cayuga Co.), Martin Finch (Essex Co.), Henry A. Prendergast (Chautauqua Co.), Victor M. Rice (Erie Co.) and Perez H. Field (Ontario Co.); and Democrats Luke F. Cozans (NYC), Benjamin H. Long (Erie Co.), N. Holmes Odell (Westchester Co.) and Christian B. Woodruff (NYC); did not vote. In the State Senate, 31 votes were given. William H. Ferry (Rep., 19th D.) was absent. Ira Harris was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected. House | Republican | Democratic | State Senate (32 members) | Ira Harris | 22 | Horatio Seymour | 9 | State Assembly (128 members) | Ira Harris | 88 | Horatio Seymour | 31 |
Pennsylvania General class 3: January 8, 1861 {{Main|United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 1861}}The general election in Pennsylvania was held January 8, 1861. Edgar Cowan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[1] Incumbent Democrat William Bigler, who was elected in 1856, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: {{Election box begin no change| title=General Election Results[1]}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edgar Cowan |votes = 98 |percentage = 73.68 |change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Henry Foster |votes = 35 |percentage = 26.32 |change = }} |- |-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | colspan="3" align="right" | Totals | align="right" | 133 | align="right" | 100.00% |} Special class 1: March 14, 1861 {{Main|United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, 1861}}A special election was held in Pennsylvania on March 14, 1861. David Wilmot was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[2] The Republican Simon Cameron was elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in January 1857. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 4, 1861, to become United States Secretary of War in the Abraham Lincoln administration, vacating the seat.[3] Following the resignation of Sen. Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 14, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: {{Election box begin no change| title=Special Election Results[2][4]}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = David Wilmot |votes = 96 |percentage = 72.18 |change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William H. Welsh |votes = 34 |percentage = 25.56 |change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Winthrop W. Ketcham |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.75 |change = }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change| |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William Wilkins |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.75 |change = }}{{Election box candidate no change| |party = N/A |candidate = Not voting |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.75 |change = }} |- |-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | colspan="3" align="right" | Totals | align="right" | 133 | align="right" | 100.00% |}See also- United States elections, 1860
- United States presidential election, 1860
- United States House of Representatives elections, 1860
- 36th United States Congress
- 37th United States Congress
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=U.S. Senate Election - 8 January 1861|url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1861C.pdf|publisher=Wilkes University|accessdate=December 22, 2013}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=U.S. Senate Election - 14 March 1861|url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1861W.pdf|publisher=Wilkes University|accessdate=December 23, 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000068|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=December 23, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=PA US Senate - Special Election|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=345245|publisher=OurCampaigns|accessdate=December 22, 2012}}
- [https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present], via Senate.gov
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=r_xLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA568 The New York Civil List] compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner, 1867 (see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 442 for State Senators 1861; pg. 492ff for Members of Assembly 1861)
- Result NY state election 1859 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=PVowAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA1 The Tribune Almanac for 1860] compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- Result NY state election 1860 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=PVowAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PT8 The Tribune Almanac for 1861] compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1861/02/06/77933905.pdf FROM THE STATE CAPITAL.; Election of United States Senator] in NYT on February 6, 1861
- Result, NY State Senate: [https://books.google.com/books?id=wtlKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137 Journal of the Senate (84th Session)] (1861; pg. 137)
- Result, NY Assembly: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qUktAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247 Journal of the Assembly (84th Session)] (1861; pg. 247f)
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.
{{United States Senate elections}} 2 : 1860 United States Senate elections|1861 United States Senate elections |