“Gargoyle”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In architecture, a gargoyle ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɑr|ɡ|ɔɪ|l}}) is a carved or formed grotesque^[1]{{rp|6–8}} with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on a building to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastical animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is directed from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.^[1]

Etymology

The term originates from the French gargouille, which in English is likely to mean "throat" or is otherwise known as the "gullet";^[3] cf. Latin gurgulio, gula, gargula ("gullet" or "throat") and similar words derived from the root gar, "to swallow", which represented the gurgling sound of water (e.g., Portuguese and Spanish garganta, "throat"; gárgola, "gargoyle"). It is also connected to the French verb gargariser, which shares a Latin root with the verb "gargle"^[1]{{rp|8}}^[6] and is likely imitative in origin.^[7] The Italian word for gargoyle is doccione or gronda sporgente, an architecturally precise phrase which means "protruding gutter". (Italian also uses gargolla o garguglia, when it has a grotesque shape)

When not constructed as a waterspout and only serving an ornamental or artistic function, the correct term for such a sculpture is a grotesque, chimera, or boss. There are also regional variations, such as the hunky punk. Just as with bosses and chimeras, gargoyles are said to frighten off and protect those that it guards, such as a church, from any evil or harmful spirits.

Legend of the Gargouille

A French legend that sprang up around the name of St. Romanus ({{lang-fr|Romain}}; fl. {{Circa}} 631 – 641 AD), the former chancellor of the Merovingian king Clotaire II who was made bishop of Rouen, relates how he delivered the country around Rouen from a monster called Gargouille or Goji.^[8]^[9] La Gargouille is said to have been the typical dragon with bat-like wings, a long neck, and the ability to breathe fire from its mouth. Multiple versions of the story are given, either that St. Romanus subdued the creature with a crucifix, or he captured the creature with the help of the only volunteer, a condemned man. In each, the monster is led back to Rouen and burned, but its head and neck would not burn due to being tempered by its own fire breath. The head was then mounted on the walls of the newly built church to scare off evil spirits, and used for protection.^[10] In commemoration of St. Romain, the Archbishops of Rouen were granted the right to set a prisoner free on the day that the reliquary of the saint was carried in procession (see details at Rouen).^[11]^[12]

History

The term gargoyle is most often applied to medieval work, but throughout all ages, some means of water diversion, when not conveyed in gutters, was adopted. In Ancient Egyptian architecture, gargoyles showed little variation, typically in the form of a lion's head.^[13] Similar lion-mouthed water spouts were also seen on Greek temples, carved or modelled in the marble or terracotta cymatium of the cornice.^[14] An excellent example of this are the 39 remaining lion-headed water spouts on the Temple of Zeus. Originally, it had 102 gargoyles or spouts, but due to the heavy weight (they were crafted from marble), many snapped off and had to be replaced.^[15]^[16]

Many medieval cathedrals included gargoyles and chimeras.^[17] According to French architect and author Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, himself one of the great producers of gargoyles in the 19th century,^[18] the earliest known medieval gargoyles appear on Laon Cathedral (c. 1200–1220).^[19] One of the more famous examples is the gargoyles of Notre Dame de Paris. Although most have grotesque features, the term gargoyle has come to include all types of images. Some gargoyles were depicted as monks, or combinations of real animals and people, many of which were humorous. Unusual animal mixtures, or chimeras, did not act as rainspouts and are more properly called grotesques. They serve as ornamentation but are now popularly called gargoyles.

Both ornamented and unornamented water spouts projecting from roofs at parapet level were a common device used to shed rainwater from buildings until the early 18th century. From that time, more and more buildings used drainpipes to carry the water from the guttering roof to the ground and only very few buildings using gargoyles were constructed. This was because some people found them frightening, and sometimes heavy ones fell off, causing damage. In 1724, the London Building Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain made the use of downpipes compulsory on all new construction.^[20]

Catholic Church

The primary use of the gargoyle was to illustrate evil through the form of the gargoyle,{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} while another theory posits that grotesques in architecture were apotropaic devices.^[21] In the 12th century, before the use of gargoyles as rainspouts, St. Bernard of Clairvaux was famous for speaking out against gargoyles carved on the walls of his monastery's cloister:^[22]

According to Lester Burbank Bridaham, writing in Gargoylaes, Chimeres and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture, "There is much symbolism in the sculpture of the Gothic period; but we must be wary of reading in too much meaning."^[25]

Animal

The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans all used animal-shaped waterspouts.^[1]{{rp|11}} During the 12th Century, when gargoyles appeared in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was growing stronger and converting many new people. Most of the population at this time was illiterate, so images were very important to convey ideas. Many early gargoyles depicted some version of a dragon, especially in France. In addition to serving as spouts for water, the gaping mouths of these gargoyles evoked the fearsome destructiveness of these legendary beasts, reminding the laity of the need for the church's protection.^[27]

Human qualities were sometimes ascribed to specific animals—that is, the animals were anthropomorphized. This was especially common for pagans, and using these ideas helped conversion to Catholicism. Some animals (such as the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus) were unknown in western Europe during the Middle Ages, so gargoyles of these species (such as the ones at Laon Cathedral) are modern gargoyles and therefore did not have symbolic meaning in Medieval times.^[1]{{rp|20}}

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=What Is a Gargoyle? |url=https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-a-gargoyle |website=Wonderopolis |accessdate=19 October 2018 |language=en}}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book | last = Benton | first = Janetta Rebold | title = Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings | publisher = Abbeville Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-7892-0182-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XlBjQgAACAAJ}}
3. ^¹{{cite book | last = Bridaham | first = L.B. | title = Gargoyles, Chimères, and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture | publisher = Architectural Book Publishing Company, Incorporated | year = 1930 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yRcaAQAAMAAJ | page = xii}}
4. ^¹{{cite book | author = British Archaeological Association | title = The Archaeological Journal | publisher = Royal Archaeological Institute. | issue = v. 95 | year = 1939 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CTspAAAAYAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 361 | quote = During the Merovingian period Rouen occupies a prominent place in the long struggle between Fredegonde and Brunhilda, which culminated in the brutal murder of BishopPretextatus in his own cathedral. To the seventh ... The former's legendary victory over the monster Gargouille led to the well-known privilege of the Chapter of releasing a condemned criminal every Ascension Day. Charlemagne ...}}
5. ^¹{{cite book | last = Butler | first = A. | last2 = Thurston | first2 = H. | last3 = Attwater | first3 = D. | title = Lives of the Saints | publisher = Kenedy | series = Lives of the Saints | issue = v. 4 | year = 1956 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sFDZAAAAMAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 183 | quote = ST ROMANUS, Bishop of Rouen (c. a.d. 640) Not much that is certainly authentic is known of this bishop. ... The legend is that this privilege took its rise from St Romanus killing a great serpent, called Gargouille, with the assistance of a ...}}
6. ^¹{{cite book | last = Cipa | first = S. | title = Carving Gargoyles Grotesques, and Other Creatures of Myth: History, Lore, and 12 Artistic Patterns | publisher = Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-56523-329-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nRIvvgAACAAJ}}
7. ^¹{{cite book | last = Clarke | first = S. | last2 = Engelbach | first2 = R. | title = Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture | publisher = Dover Publications | series = Dover books on Egypt | year = 1930 | isbn = 978-0-486-26485-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Uiat5EAaMC}}
8. ^¹{{cite book | last = Di Renzo | first = A. | title = American Gargoyles: Flannery O'Connor and the Medieval Grotesque | publisher = Southern Illinois University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-8093-2030-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES5eiv2VgzkC&pg=PA1 | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 1}}
9. ^¹{{cite book | last = Dinsmoor | first = W.B. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = W.J. | title = The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development | publisher = Biblo and Tannen | year = 1950 | isbn = 978-0-8196-0283-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC}}
10. ^¹{{cite book | last = Fudgé | first = T.A. | title = Medieval Religion and its Anxieties: History and Mystery in the Other Middle Ages | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan US | series = The New Middle Ages | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-137-56610-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KO5NDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 91}}
11. ^¹{{cite book | last = Hargreaves | first = J. | title = Hargreaves New Illustrated Bestiary | publisher = Gothic Image Publications | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-906362-12-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=64vfAAAAMAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 51 | quote = The word Gargoyle is derived from 'La Gargouille' – the name of an immense dragon who lived in the river Seine at Rouen. The word Gargouille comes from the word for a throat, and gargle is derived from the same source. La Gargouille was ...}}
12. ^¹{{cite book | last = Herbermann | first = C.G. | last2 = Pace | first2 = E.A. | last3 = Pallen | first3 = C.B. | last4 = Shahan | first4 = T.J. | last5 = Wynne | first5 = J.J. | last6 = MacErlean | first6 = A.A. | title = The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church | publisher = Robert Appleton company | series = The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church | issue = v. 13 | year = 1913 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4m0sAAAAIAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 209 | quote = St. Romanus (631-641) former chancellor of Clotaire II; legend relates how he delivered the environs of Rouen from a monster called Gargouille, having ...}}
13. ^¹{{cite book | last = Hodder | first = E. | title = Cities of the world | series = Cities of the world | issue = v. 2 | year = 1881 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xC8BAAAAQAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 46 | quote = The bishop put a leash round its neck, and the criminal led the Gargouille into Rouen, where, amidst the acclamations of the ... And so once a year, on Ascension Day, until the time of the Revolution, the chapter used to select a condemned ...}}
14. ^¹{{Cite journal | title = Holy Horrors | journal = The National Trust Magazine | date = Autumn 2007 | pages = 66–68 | postscript = }}
15. ^¹{{cite book | last = Hourihane | first = C. | title = The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture | publisher = OUP USA | series = The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture | issue = v. 1 | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-19-539536-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA642 | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 642}}
16. ^¹{{cite book | title = Tractatus et opuscula | publisher = Editiones Cistercienses | location = Rome | editor-last = Leclercq | editor-first = Jean | editor2-last = Rochais | editor2-first = H.M. | volume = 3 | chapter = Apologia ad Guillelmum abbatem | series = S. Bernardi Opera | year = 1963 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR10 | language = la}}
17. ^¹{{cite web | title = Word of the Day: Gargoyle | website = Merriam-Webster | date = September 5, 2015 | url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-of-the-day/gargoyle-2015-09-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170624191852/https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-of-the-day/gargoyle-2015-09-05 | archive-date = June 24, 2017 | dead-url = no | access-date = May 11, 2018}}
18. ^¹{{cite book | last = Nathan | first = W.L. | title = Art and the Message of the Church | publisher = Westminster Press | series = Westminster studies in Christian communication | year = 1961 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eMefAAAAMAAJ | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 74}}
19. ^¹{{cite web | title = gargle | website = Origin and meaning of gargle by Online Etymology Dictionary | url = https://www.etymonline.com/word/gargle | access-date = May 11, 2018}}
20. ^¹{{cite book | last = Swaddling | first = J. | title = The ancient Olympic Games | publisher = Published for the trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications | year = 1980 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5tTfAAAAMAAJ}}
21. ^¹{{cite book | last = Tschen-Emmons | first = J.B. | title = Artifacts from Medieval Europe | publisher = ABC-CLIO | series = Daily Life through Artifacts | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1-61069-622-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K78oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 72}}
22. ^¹{{cite book | last = Varner | first = G.R. | title = Gargoyles, Grotesques & Green Men: Ancient Symbolism in European and American Architecture | publisher = Lulu.com | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-4357-1142-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VYQIOw8HU0sC}}
23. ^¹{{cite book | last = Weinstock | first = J.A. | title = The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-317-04426-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 | access-date = May 11, 2018 | page = 248}}
24. ^¹{{cite book | last = Willemsen | first = F. | title = Die Löwenkopf-Wasserspeier Vom Dach des Zeustempels | publisher = de Gruyter | series = Olympische Forschungen | year = 1959 | isbn = 978-3-11-003144-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CZxvcgAACAAJ | language = de}}