| 词条 | 1908 bombardment of the Majlis | ||||
| 释义 |
The 1908 bombardment of the Majlis of Iran took place on 23 June 1908 in Tehran, during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, when the Persian Cossack forces, commanded by Vladimir Liakhov and the other Russian officers, bombarded and by that suppressed the Iranian parliament, the Majles.[1] HistoryMohammad Ali Shah Qajar, the Shah of Persia, who ascended the throne in January 1907 was against the constitution of 1906 ratified during regime of his father Mozzafar-al-Din Shah.[2]After his ascension, in August 1907 an Anglo-Russian agreement divided Iran into a Russian zone in the North, a British zone in the South, and a neutral zone in the center. The British switched their support to the Shah, abandoning the Constitutionalists.[3]The Shah later tried to subdue and eliminate the Majles with the military and political support of Russia and Britain.[4] As the constitutional revolution was going on in Persia, the Shah kept himself confined to his residence at the Bagh-e Shah fort in the west of Tehran. He took the help of Cossack Brigade to control the revolution and left the city of Tehran at their mercy.[5][4] The loyalty of the Cossack Brigade was fully guaranteed, not only by the purge done by commander Vladimir Liakhov earlier, but also by the king's distribution of a special bonus earlier in 1908.[6] Russian colonel Vladimir Liakhov who was the commander of the Cossack Brigade, lead the force in shelling the Majles and executing several leaders of the Constitutional Movement on June 23, 1908. His forces then also plundered the parliament and damaged the building.[5] This event lead to the beginning of a period known as the "Minor Tyranny". Liakhov was subsequently made Military Governor of Tehran by the Shah, turning the city into a military garrison.[5] However, in July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Iran's province of Azerbaijan to Tehran. They were able to capture Tehran, depose the Shah and re-establish the constitution. Colonel Liakhov and his forces served the Shah until July 1909, when the Shah abdicated and fled to Russia, resulting in the surrender of Liakhov and the Persian Cossack Brigade. Liakhov was pardoned by the Constitutional leaders probably for the fear of a Russian attack and was sent back to Saint Petersburg, where he would be dismissed soon after to serve in the Caucasus campaign of the First World War.[5] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Cronin|first1=Stephanie|title=The Army and Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1921-1926|date=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1860641053|page=61|quote=On 23 June the brigade, commanded by Liakhov and the other Russian officers, bombarded and suppressed the Majlis}} {{Changes in political power in Iran}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Majlis bombing}}2. ^{{cite book| last =Donzel| first =Emeri “van”| authorlink =| coauthors =| year =1994| title =Islamic Desk Reference| publisher =| location =| isbn = 90-04-09738-4}} p. 285-286 3. ^Mackey, Sandra The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York : Dutton, c1996. p.150-55 4. ^1 BBC Persian 5. ^1 2 3 Cossack Commander In Charge of Tehran - Russians Bombard Iranian Parliament 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Cronin|first1=Stephanie|title=The Army and Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1921-1926|date=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1860641053|page=61}} 11 : Persian Constitutional Revolution|History of Tehran|Conflicts in 1908|History of civil rights and liberties in Iran|Mass murder in 1908|1908 in Iran|1908 in the Russian Empire|Iran–Russia relations|Military coups in Iran|1st term of the Iranian Majlis|1900s coups d'état and coup attempts |
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