“Afrikaner Broederbond”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Afrikaner Broederbond (AB) (meaning Afrikaner Brotherhood) or Broederbond was a secret, exclusively male and Afrikaner Calvinist organisation in South Africa dedicated to the advancement of Afrikaner interests. It was founded by H. J. Klopper, H. W. van der Merwe, D. H. C. du Plessis and Rev. Jozua Naudé ^[1] in 1918 and was known as Jong Zuid Afrika (Young South Africa) until 1920, when it became the Broederbond.^[2]^[3] Its large influence within South African political and social life, came to a climax with the rise of apartheid, which was largely designed and implemented by Broederbond members. Between 1948 and 1994, many prominent figures of South African political life, including all leaders of the government, were members of the Afrikaner Broederbond.^[2]

Origins

Described later as an "inner sanctum",^[4] "an immense informal network of influence",^[5] and by Jan Smuts as a "dangerous, cunning, political fascist organization",^[6] in 1920 Jong Zuid Afrika, now restyled as the Afrikaner Broederbond, was a grouping of 37 white men of Afrikaner ethnicity, Afrikaans language, and the Calvinist faith, who shared cultural, semi-religious, and deeply political objectives based on traditions and experiences dating back to the arrival of Dutch white settlers, French Huguenots, and German at the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries and including the dramatic events of the Great Trek in the 1830s and 1840s. Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom recount how, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, a leading broeder (brother or member) said:

The precise intentions of the founders are not clear. Was the group intended to counter the dominance of the British and the English language,^[7] or to redeem the Afrikaners after their defeat in the Second Anglo-Boer War?^[8] Perhaps it sought to protect a culture, build an economy and seize control of a government.^[9] The remarks of the organisation's chairman in 1944 offer a slightly different, and possibly more accurate interpretation in the context of the post-Boer War and post- World War I era, when Afrikaners were suffering through a maelstrom of social and political changes:^[10]

The Afrikaner Broederbond was born out of the deep conviction that the Afrikaner volk has been planted in this country by the Hand of God, destined to survive as a separate volk with its own calling.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In other words, the traditional, deeply pious Calvinism of the Afrikaners, a pastoral people with a difficult history in South Africa since the mid-17th century, supplied an element of Christian predestination that led to a determination to wrest the country from the English-speaking British and place its future in the hands of the Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaners, whatever that might mean for the large black and mixed-race population. To the old thirst for sovereignty that had prompted the Great Trek into the interior from 1838 on, would be added a new thirst for total independence and Nationalism. These two threads merged to form a "Christian National" civil religion that would dominate South African life from 1948 to 1994.

This was the historical context in which the Broederbond emerged. The scorched earth policy of the British during the second Boer War devastated Boer (that is, rural Afrikaner farmer) lands. In British concentration camps, 27 000 Boer women and children had died. The Boer surrender at Vereeniging, though pragmatic, was deeply humiliating. Lord Milner's inflammatory policy of Anglicisation simply rubbed salt into Afrikaner wounds, and a backlash was inevitable. The National Party and ultimately the Broederbond were the long-term and powerful results.^[11]

The National Party had been established in 1914 by Afrikaner nationalists. It first came to power in 1924. Ten years later, its leader J. B. M. Hertzog and Jan Smuts of the South African Party merged their parties to form the United Party. This angered a contingent of hardline nationalists under D. F. Malan, who broke away to form the ’’Purified National Party’’. By the time World War II broke out, resentment of the British had not subsided. Malan's party opposed South Africa's entry into the war on the side of the British; some of its members wanted to support Nazi Germany. Jan Smuts had commanded the British Army in East Africa in World War I and was amenable to backing the Allies a second time. This was the spark Afrikaner nationalism needed. Herzog, who was in favour of neutrality, quit the United Party when a narrow majority in his cabinet backed Smuts. He started the Afrikaner Party which would amalgamate later with D. F. Malan's ’’Purified National Party’’ to become the force that would take over South African politics for the next 46 years, until majority rule and Nelson Mandela's election in 1994.^[3]

Exposed

Although the press had maintained a steady trickle of unsourced exposés of the inner workings and membership of the Broederbond since the 1960s, the first comprehensive exposé of the organisation was a book written by Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom, The Super-Afrikaners. Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond, first published in 1978. The most notable and discussed section of the book was the last section which consisted of a near-comprehensive list of 7500 Broederbond members.^[3] The Broederbond was portrayed as Die Stigting Adriaan Delport (The Adriaan Delport Foundation) in the 1968 South African feature film Die Kandidaat (The Candidate), directed by Jans Rautenbach and produced by Emil Nofal.

Leaders

The Broederbond and Apartheid

Every Prime Minister and State President in South Africa from 1948 to the end of Apartheid in 1994 was a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond.^[2]

The Afrikaner Broederbond continued to act in secret, infiltrating and gaining control of the few organisations, such as the South African Agricultural Union (SAAU), which had political power and were opposed to a further escalation of Apartheid policies.^[2]

Members of political parties right of the National party were not welcome and 200 members were expelled by 1972.^[3]{{rp|7}}

In 1983 when the Conservative Party was founded with Andries Treurnicht as leader, all Broederbond members who belonged to the newly formed party was no longer welcome in the Bond anymore. Treurnicht, C.W.H. Boshoff and HJ Klopper previous chairmen left the organization. Other members like van den Bergh, H.J. left too.

In 1985 the Afrikaner Broederbond realised that change needed to take place in South Africans Politics. Although the government did not talk openly with the banned ANC, it was decided by the organization they should start negotiating. On 8 June 1986 JP de Lange, the then chairman met Thabo Mbeki in New York for a five-hour meeting. It was a meeting held at a conference organised by the Ford Foundation. The meeting was just between de Lange and Mbeki, but at the conference other ANC members Mac Maharaj, Seretse Choabi, Charles Villa-Vicencio, and Peggy Dulany were present.^[14]

Companies with Broederbond credentials

Notable members

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mvgcontact.org/MVG%20in%20English%20Beyers%20Naude.htm |title=Mormonen voor vrede en gerechtigheid – Robert Poort – April 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009222220/http://www.mvgcontact.org/MVG%20in%20English%20Beyers%20Naude.htm |archivedate=9 October 2007 |df= }}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-broederbond.htm|title=Jong Suid Afrika – founded in June 1918}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|last1=Wilkins|first1=Ivor |last2=Strydom|first2=Hans |title=Super-Afrikaners: Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BwNAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Jonathan Ball |isbn=9780868500089}}
4. ^{{Citation | title = The Security Man | journal =Time | date = 23 September 1966 | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842811,00.html}}
5. ^{{Citation | last = O'Meara | first =D | title =Volkskapitalisme: Class, capital and ideology in the development of Afrikaner Nationalism 1934–1948 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | year =1983 | location =Cambridge, England | pages =64}}
6. ^{{Citation | last =Jemison | first =EL | title = The Nazi influence in the formation of apartheid in South Africa | journal = The Concord Review | volume =15 | issue =1 | pages =75–103 | year =2004 | url = http://www.tcr.org/tcr/essays/EPrize_Apartheid.pdf|format=PDF}}
7. ^{{Citation| title =Broederbond's Big Brother Act | journal =Time | date = 21 November 1977 | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915731-1,00.html}}
8. ^{{Citation | last =Walton | first =C | title = Bond of broeders: Anton Hartman and music in an apartheid state | journal =Musical Times | volume =Summer | year =2004 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3870/is_200407/ai_n9420131}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-broederbond.htm|title=Afrikaner Broederbond|publisher=}}
10. ^{{Citation|last=Schönteich |first=M |last2=Boshoff |first2=H |title='Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right |journal=Institute of Security Studies. Monograph. |volume=No 81 |date=March 2003 |url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313092610/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap3.html |archivedate=13 March 2007 |df= }}
11. ^{{cite journal | author =Bunting, B. | title =The Rise of the South African Reich | publisher =African National Congress | year =1969 | url =http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich.html | accessdate =2007-06-12 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070518201324/http://www.anc.org.za/books/reich.html |archivedate = 18 May 2007}}
12. ^¹{{cite thesis|type=Masters| author =van Wyk, AH | title =Die rol van die verligtes in die Nasionale Party in die politieke ontmagtiging van die Afrikaner, 1966–1994 |lang=af |trans-title=The Role of the enlightened ones (verligtes) in the National Party in the political disempowerment of the Afrikaaner 1966-1944 | publisher =University of Pretoria | year =2005 | hdl=2263/28811}}
13. ^{{Citation|title=Die Nuwe Afrikaner-Broederbond |newspaper=Beeld |pages=13 |date=30 November 1993 |url=http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1993/11/30/13/4.html |format=– ^{[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3ADie+Nuwe+Afrikaner-Broederbond&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224047/http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1993/11/30/13/4.html |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/chronology-meetings-between-south-africans-and-anc-exile-1983-2000-michael-savage |title=A chronology of meetings between South Africans and the ANC in exile 1983-2000 |publisher=SAHO |author=Savage, M. |accessdate=31 August 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ads.co.za/|title=African Defence Systems|last=|first=|date=|website=African Defence Systems|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401090334/http://www.ads.co.za/|archive-date=2007-04-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=2017-12-16}}
16. ^{{cite journal |hdl=10520/EJC93926 |title=Moerdijk and the shadow of Baker |publisher=University of Pretoria |last=Fisher|first= R.C.| journal=South African Journal of Art History|volume =21|issue= 1|date= 2006|pp= 70 - 78}}
17. ^{{cite journal |hdl=2263/14438 |title=An appraisal of selected examples of Gerhard Moerdijk's work (1890·1958) | journal=South African Journal of Art History|volume =15|issue= 1|date= 2001|pp= 68 - 84|last=Jooste|first= Johan K.}}
18. ^The Guardian. Monday 23 January 2006. Obituary: Anton Rupert.
19. ^Smith, N. (2009) Afrikaner Broederbond: Belewings van die binnekant. Lapa Uitgewers. Pretoria {{ISBN|978-0-7993-4496-7}}