| 词条 | 1913 Italian general election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Italian general election, 1913 | country = Kingdom of Italy | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election= Italian general election, 1909 | previous_year = 1909 | next_election = Italian general election, 1919 | next_year = 1919 | seats_for_election = All 508 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy | election_date = 26 October–2 November 1913 | image1 = | leader1 = Giovanni Giolitti | leaders_seat1 = | party1 = Liberals (Italy) | seats1 = 270 | seat_change1 = {{decrease}}59 | popular_vote1 = 2,387,947 | percentage1 = 47.6% | swing1 = {{decrease}}6.8% | image2 = | leader2 = Costantino Lazzari | leaders_seat2 = | party2 = Italian Socialist Party | seats2 = 52 | seat_change2 = {{increase}}11 | popular_vote2 = 883,409 | percentage2 = 17.6% | swing2 = {{decrease}}1.4% | image3 = | leader3 = Ettore Sacchi | leaders_seat3 = | party3 = Italian Radical Party | seats3 = 62 | seat_change3 = {{increase}}14 | popular_vote3 = 522,522 | percentage3 = 10.4% | swing3 = {{increase}}0.5% | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = | title = Prime Minister | posttitle = Elected Prime Minister | before_election = Giovanni Giolitti | after_election = Giovanni Giolitti | before_party = Liberals (Italy) | after_party = Liberals (Italy) }} General elections were held in Italy on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November.[1] The Liberals (the former Ministeriali) narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in Southern Italy, while the Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in Emilia-Romagna.[2] However, the election marked the beginning of the decline of Liberal establishment. Electoral reformChanges made in 1912 widened the voting franchise to include all literate men aged 21 or over who had served in the armed forces. For those over 30 the literacy requirement was abolished.[3] This raised the number of eligible voters from 2,930,473 in 1909 to 8,443,205.[4] The electoral system remained single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting.[3] Historical backgroundThe two historical parliamentary factions, the liberal and progressive Left and the conservative and monarchist Right, formed a single liberal and centrist group, known as Liberal Union, under the leadership of Giovanni Giolitti. This phenomenon, known in Italian as Trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I. Two parliamentary factions alternated in government, one led by Sidney Sonnino and the other, by far the larger of the two, by Giolitti. At that time the Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and, eventually, the Reform Socialists.[5] This alliance governed against two smaller opposition: The Clericals, composed by some Vatican-oriented politicians, The Extreme, formed by the socialist faction which represented a real left in a present-day concept.[5] Parties and leaders
Coalitions
Results
|title=Popular vote |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{Bar percent|UL|{{Liberals (Italy)/meta/color}}|47.62}}{{Bar percent|PSI|{{Italian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|17.62}}{{Bar percent|PR|{{Italian Radical Party/meta/color}}|10.42}}{{Bar percent|PDC|{{Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color}}|5.53}}{{Bar percent|UECI|black|4.23}}{{Bar percent|PSRI|#FF0000|3.92}}{{Bar percent|PD|salmon|2.77}}{{Bar percent|PRI|{{Italian Republican Party/meta/color}}|2.04}}{{Bar percent|CC|#1560BD|1.79}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|4.08}} }}{{Bar box |title=Parliamentary seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{Bar percent|UL|{{Liberals (Italy)/meta/color}}|53.15}}{{Bar percent|PR|{{Italian Radical Party/meta/color}}|12.20}}{{Bar percent|PSI|{{Italian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|10.24}}{{Bar percent|PDC|{{Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color}}|5.71}}{{Bar percent|UECI|black|3.94}}{{Bar percent|PSRI|#FF0000|3.74}}{{Bar percent|PD|salmon|2.17}}{{Bar percent|CC|#1560BD|1.77}}{{Bar percent|PRI|{{Italian Republican Party/meta/color}}|1.57}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|5.51}} }} First party by Region
References1. ^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}} {{Italian elections}}2. ^Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009 3. ^1 Nohlen & Stöver, p1031 4. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1050 5. ^1 Italian Liberal Party {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121013656/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368300/Italian-Liberal-Party |date=2006-11-21 }}, Britannica Concise 4 : General elections in Italy|1913 elections in Italy|October 1913 events|November 1913 events |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。