| 词条 | 1929 Czechoslovak parliamentary election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1929 | country = Czechoslovakia | flag_year = 1929 | flag_image = | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | party_colour = | party_name = | alliance_name = | previous_election = Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1925 | previous_year = 1925 | previous_mps = | election_date = {{Start date|1929|10|27|df=y}} | elected_mps = | next_election = Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935 | next_year = 1935 | next_mps = | seats_for_election= All 300 seats to the Chamber of Deputies All 150 seats to the Senate | majority_seats = 151 | turnout = 90.2% | image1 = | colour1 = | leader1 = Antonín Švehla | party1 = Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants | leader_since1 = | leaders_seat1 = | last_election1 = | seats_before1 = | seats_needed1 = | seats1 = | seats_after1 = 46 | seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1 | popular_vote1 = 1,105,498 | percentage1 = 15.0% | swing1 = | image2 = | colour2 = | leader2 = Antonín Hampl | party2 = Czechoslovak Social Democracy | leader_since2 = | leaders_seat2 = | last_election2 = | seats_before2 = | seats_needed2 = | seats2 = | seats_after2 = 39 | seat_change2 = {{increase}} 10 | popular_vote2 = 963,462 | percentage2 = 13.0% | swing2 = | image3 = | colour3 = | leader3 = Václav Klofáč | party3 = Czechoslovak National Socialist Party | leader_since3 = | leaders_seat3 = | last_election3 = | seats_before3 = | seats_needed3 = | seats3 = | seats_after3 = 32 | seat_change3 = {{increase}} 4 | popular_vote3 = 767,328 | percentage3 = 10.4% | swing3 = | image4 = | colour4 = | leader4 = Klement Gottwald | party4 = Communist Party of Czechoslovakia | leader_since4 = | leaders_seat4 = | last_election4 = | seats_before4 = | seats_needed4 = | seats4 = | seats_after4 = 30 | seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 11 | popular_vote4 = 753,220 | percentage4 = 10.2% | swing4 = | image5 = | colour5 = | leader5 = Jan Šrámek | party5 = Czechoslovak People's Party | leader_since5 = | leaders_seat5 = | last_election5 = | seats_before5 = | seats_needed5 = | seats5 = | seats_after5 = 25 | seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 6 | popular_vote5 = 623,340 | percentage5 = 8.4% | swing5 = | image6 = | colour6 = | leader6 = Ludwig Czech | party6 = German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic | leader_since6 = | leaders_seat6 = | last_election6 = | seats_before6 = | seats_needed6 = | seats6 = | seats_after6 = 21 | seat_change6 = {{increase}} 4 | popular_vote6 = 506,761 | percentage6 = 6.9% | swing6 = | image7 = | colour7 = | leader7 = Andrej Hlinka | party7 = Hlinka's Slovak People's Party | alliance7 = | leader_since7 = | leaders_seat7 = | last_election7 = | seats_before7 = | seats_needed7 = | seats7 = | seats_after7 = 19 | seat_change7 = {{decrease}} 4 | popular_vote7 = 425,051 | percentage7 = 5.8% | swing7 = | image8 = | colour8 = | leader8 = Franz Spina | party8 = Farmers' League | alliance8 = German Electoral Coalition | leader_since8 = | leaders_seat8 = | last_election8 = | seats_before8 = | seats_needed8 = | seats8 = | seats_after8 = 16 | seat_change8 = {{increase}} 16 | popular_vote8 = 396,454 | percentage8 = 5.4% | swing8 = | image9 = | colour9 = | leader9 = Karel Kramář | party9 = Czechoslovak National Democracy | alliance9 = ČsND–SNS–RNP | leader_since9 = | leaders_seat9 = | last_election9 = | seats_before9 = | seats_needed9 = | seats9 = | seats_after9 = 15 | seat_change9 = {{increase}} 2 | popular_vote9 = 359,547 | percentage9 = 4.9% | swing9 = | title = Prime Minister | before_election = Antonín Švehla | before_party = Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants | after_election = František Udržal | after_party = Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants }}{{Politics of Czechoslovakia}} Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 27 October 1929.[1] The result was a victory for the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, which won 46 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 90.2% in the Chamber election and 78.8% for the Senate.[2]ResultsThe 1929 election took place at a juncture of relative prosperity, just before the Great Depression.[3] The rightward shift of the 1925 election was reversed, moderate centre-left groups (Social Democrats and Czechoslovak National Socialists) increased their vote shares whilst the Communist Party suffered a set-back.[3][4] The Communist Party was the sole multinational political party in the country at the time.[5] It had emerged as a major force in the 1925 election and had around 150,000 members in 1928.[6] In 1929 leadership shifted to a younger generation and a major purge of party ranks took place.[5] The Jewish Party, which had failed to win representation in 1925, managed to win two seats through an alliance with three Polish parties.[7][8] Its deputies were Ludvík Singer from Bohemia and Julius Reiz from Slovakia.[7][8] General Radola Gajda's list ('League against Bound Tickets'), which called for the formation of a corporativist state, failed to make a major headway but won three seats (Gajda, Jiří Stříbrný and Karel Pergler).[3][14] Gajda's political line was fascist, anti-Semitic and anti-German.[9] In Slovakia, the Hlinka's Slovak People's Party resigned from the coalition government on 8 October 1929.[10][17] The move followed a long controversy around the legal case of the party newspaper editor Vojtech Tuka, who was sentenced for espionage and treason on 5 October 1929.[11] The Tuka affair had resulted in an internal rift in the party, with the expelled anti-Tuka faction (led by Juriga and Tománek) setting up their own Juriga's Slovak People's Party.[12] In the election the party saw a decline compared to the 1925 vote and it went from 23 seats in 1925 to 19 seats.[13] One interpretation is that two years of government participation without achieving Slovak autonomy had weakened the party.[12] Moreover the party had an ambiguous stance during the Tuka affair.[12] The Juriga faction failed to make any impact in the election.[12] The Czechoslovak National Democrats contested the election in Slovakia together with the Slovak National Party led by Martin Rázus.[14] Nevertheless, relations between Rázus and the leader of the National Democrats in Slovakia Milan Ivanka were strained, as the former was fiercely autonomist and the latter a strong supporter of Czechoslovak nationhood.[14] The Czechoslovak Social Democrats won five seats from Slovakia, an increase by three seats compared to the 1925 election.[15] The Communist Party on the other hand retreated from 5 seats in Slovakia, compared to 8 seats in 1925.[16] Magyar and German parties won 9 seats from Slovakia.[13] The Czechoslovak National Socialists, which lacked widespread support in the area, managed to win two seat from Slovakia.[17] This was the best result for the party in Slovakia during the years of the First Republic.[17] Another Czech party trying to build a base in Slovakia was the Czechoslovak People's Party, which managed to get its local leader Martin Mičura elected.[17] On 7 December 1929 František Udržal formed a coalition government of Czechoslovak Agrarians, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak Social Democrats, Czechoslovak National Socialists, Czechoslovak National Democrats, Czechoslovak Traders' Party, German Agrarians and German Social Democrats.[18] Whilst the cabinet was politically broadened after the 1929 election, it lacked representation from Slovak populists, German Clericals or the Magyar parties.[10][11] Chamber of DeputiesNational summary
Summary by province
Senate
Results by electoral districtBelow is a listing of results in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies, with the electoral districts listed by senatorial electoral district (usually consisting of two Chamber of Deputies electoral districts). Prague
Hradec KrálovéJosef Adámek (Czechoslovak People's Party) was elected from Pardubice electoral district.[20]
Mladá BoleslavAmongst the deputies elected from the Česká Lípa 5th electoral district were Ernst Grünzner (DSAP), Irene Kirpal (DSAP), Josef Schweichhart (DSAP), Josef Kleibl (DNP) and Hans Krebs.[21][22][23]
Louny
Plzeň
BrnoAmongst the deputies elected from the Jihlava 10th electoral district were Johann Wagner (German Electoral Coalition), Erwin Zajicek (German Christian Social People's Party) and Viktor Stern (Communist Party).[24]
Moravská Ostrava
Turčiansky Svätý Martin
Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš
Prešov
Nové ZámkyThe Nové Zámky senatorial district consisted of the Nové Zámky 16th electoral district and the Kosice 20th electoral district, two districts that together hosted around 96% of the Hungarian and 56% of the German population of Slovakia.[25][26][27] The percentage achieved by the Communist Party in the Nové Zámky 16th electoral district was the highest in the country in the 1929 vote.[25][19] Hlinka's Slovak People's Party fielded Vojtech Tuka in the Košice 20th electoral district, but he failed to win a seat.[28] Fielding Tuka in a district where the party lacked strong support displayed the ambiguity the party had towards him during his treason trials.[28]
UžhorodA bloc aligned with the Agrarians merged as the most voted list in the Užhorod electoral district, the sole electoral district in Subcarpathian Rus'.[19] The bloc formed by the National Democrats, which includes the Autonomous Agrarian Union, the Russian National Union and the Carpatho-Russian Labour Party of Small Peasants and Landless, finished in second place.[19][29] The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party stood on a joint list with the Social Democratic Workers' Party in Subcarpathian Rus' in the constituency. The sole mandate won by this list went to Julius Husnaj of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party.[30][31] The Czechoslovak People's Party contested under the name 'Christian People's Party' in the Užhorod electoral district.[19]
References1. ^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p471 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}} {{Czechoslovak elections}}2. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p472 3. ^{{cite book|author=J. W. Bruegel|title=Czechslovkia Before Munich: The German Minority Problem and British Appeasement Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwI9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80|date=21 June 1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08687-5|page=80}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Josef Korbel|title=The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia, 1938-1948: The Failure of Co-existence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FHWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7963-2|page=13}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|author=Tatjana Lichtenstein|title=Zionists in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Minority Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmOjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291|date=18 April 2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01872-4|page=291}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Tatjana Lichtenstein|title=Zionists in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Minority Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmOjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291|date=18 April 2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01872-4|page=291}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|author=Kateřina Čapková|title=Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb48rCzYBJ0C&pg=PA223|date=30 May 2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-475-1|page=223}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author=Tatjana Lichtenstein|title=Zionists in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Minority Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmOjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276|date=18 April 2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01872-4|page=276}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|author=Nancy Meriwether Wingfield|title=Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWla_xARjI0C&pg=PA207|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02582-0|page=207}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Richard Crampton|author2=Benjamin Crampton|title=Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmVuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|date=11 June 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-79952-8|page=59}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|author=Hugh Agnew|title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxaq_7TSWI4C&pg=PA188|date=1 September 2013|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-4493-3|page=188}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=James Ramon Felak|title=At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, 1929–1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOlD_8Kw0K0C&pg=PA61|date=15 June 1995|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7694-3|pages=61–62}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Stanislav J. Kirschbaum|title=The A to Z of Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzoDMWJUD9sC&pg=PA264|date=10 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7215-9|pages=xl, 264}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|author=James Ramon Felak|title=At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, 1929–1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOlD_8Kw0K0C&pg=PA94|date=15 June 1995|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7694-3|page=94}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Stanislav J. Kirschbaum|title=The A to Z of Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzoDMWJUD9sC&pg=PA94|date=10 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7215-9|pages=94}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Stanislav J. Kirschbaum|title=The A to Z of Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzoDMWJUD9sC&pg=PA78|date=10 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7215-9|pages=78}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Stanislav J. Kirschbaum|title=The A to Z of Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzoDMWJUD9sC&pg=PA93|date=10 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7215-9|pages=93, 223}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Czechoslovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IvAYW9vJygC&pg=PA158|year=1949|publisher=University of California Press|pages=158–160|id=GGKEY:F5RXS62F3UG}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 400–402 20. ^Poslanecké sněmovny. ADÁMEK Josef 21. ^{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=252, 306–309, 311, 375-376}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Jan N. Berwid-Buquoy|title=Integration und Separation der Sudetendeutschen in der ČSR (1918–1920): Theorien der Nationalismen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBkiAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Herbia|page=198}} 23. ^{{cite book|author1=Joachim Lilla|author2=Martin Döring|author3=Andreas Schulz|title=Statisten in Uniform: die Mitglieder des Reichstags 1933-1945 : ein biographisches Handbuch : unter Einbeziehung der völkischen und nationalsozialistischen Reichstagsabgeordneten ab Mai 1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBpoAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Droste|isbn=978-3-7700-5254-7|page=340}} 24. ^{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=394–398}} 25. ^1 {{cite book|author=Egbert K. Jahn|title=Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918-1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7btnAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-43321-0|pages=124, 130}} 26. ^{{cite book|title=Zborník Ústavu marxizmu-leninizmu a Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského: Historica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uecPAQAAMAAJ|volume=32–33|year=1981|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladatels̕tvo|page=113}} 27. ^{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|page=247}} 28. ^1 {{cite book|author=Carol Skalnik Leff|title=National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAAABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=14 July 2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5921-4|page=83}} 29. ^Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany), and Karl Bosl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978]. München: Oldenbourg, 1979. p. 233 30. ^Kowalski, Werner. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ehBMAQAAIAAJ Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 1940]. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 330 31. ^Magocsi, Paul R., and I. I. Pop. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ovCVDLYN_JgC Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. p. 468 4 : 1929 elections in Europe|1929 in Czechoslovakia|Elections in Czechoslovakia|October 1929 events |
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