| countries affected = India, Nepal
| intensity = XI (Extreme)
| casualties = 10,700–12,000
}}The 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake or 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake, locally known as nepal sambat 1049 ya bhukhaay (Nepal Bhasa), 90 saal ko bhukampa (Nepali), was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India.[4] This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 2:28PM NST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal.[5]
Earthquake
The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about {{convert|9.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Mount Everest.[4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly {{convert|465|km|mi|abbr=on}}). The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed.[7]
Ground effects
One noteworthy phenomenon of this earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage.[7] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300 km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat.[9]
In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.
Damage
The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal—Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan—were severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage.[10]
In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. In Bhagalpur district also many buildings collapsed. In Patna, only one castle remained standing, with the rest of the city being turned to rubble.{{cn|date=February 2018}} In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Naulakha Palace, were severely damaged.[10] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire.[12] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu.[1]
The number of deaths was 10,700 to 12,000[4][15] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar.[10]
A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts.[1][2]
Aftermath
Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability.[19] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the [3] other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work.
See also
- 1988 Nepal earthquake
- April 2015 Nepal earthquake
- May 2015 Nepal earthquake
- List of earthquakes in 1934
- List of earthquakes in India
References
1. ^1 Dr. Bipin Adhikari. The Great Earthquake of 1934 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529074222/http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/Bipin-Adhikari-great-earthquake-Nepal |date=29 May 2015 }}. NewSpotLight Nepal News Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 22, 22 May 2015. Accessed 29 May 2015.
2. ^Rāṇā, Brahmaśamśera Jaṅgabahādūra, and Kesar Lall. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). 1st English edition. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 2013. {{ISBN|9789937330152}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Ramaswami Venkataraman|author2=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division|title=So may India be great: selected speeches and writings of President R. Venkataraman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08VGAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3528&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |title=Significant earthquake |accessdate=16 February 2012 |publisher=National Geophysical Data Center |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216112019/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3528&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |archivedate=16 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}
5. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=The Great Indian Earthquake of 1934 |url=http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/10194/1/ji0132013.pdf |last=Nasu |first=Nobuji |publisher=Earthquake Research Institute |date=20 March 1935 |accessdate=30 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506001818/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/10194/1/ji0132013.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^1 {{cite web |last=Murty |first=C.V.R. |last2=Malik |first2=Javed N. |title=Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India |url=http://ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/2008/Special1/200807.pdf |accessdate=30 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610055148/http://www.ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/2008/Special1/200807.pdf |archivedate=10 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Brett|first=William Bailie|title=A Report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the Measures Taken in Consequence Thereof Up to the 31st December 1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbjHAAAAIAAJ|year=1935|publisher=Superintendent, Government Print.}} Available at The South Asia Archive
8. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Amin|first1=Shahid|last2=Linden|first2=Marcel van der|title=Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FClErftju_kC&pg=PA83|accessdate=29 April 2015|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58900-0|page=83}}
9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Gunn |first=Angus Macleod |title=Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YzF-DT__aIC&pg=PA337 |date=30 December 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-08747-9 |pages=337–339 |chapter=Bihar, India, earthquake}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|last1=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Historic Earthquakes – Bihar, India – Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1934_01_15.php |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |accessdate=29 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429014734/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1934_01_15.php |archivedate=29 April 2015 |df= }}
11. ^1 {{cite book|title=Social and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi|series=Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4x34We-mY40C&pg=PA101|first=Bidyut|last=Chakrabarty|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-36096-8|page=101}}