| 词条 | 1940 Whipple |
| 释义 |
| minorplanet = yes | name = 1940 Whipple | background = #D6D6D6 | image = | image_size = | caption = | discovery_ref = | discovered = 2 February 1975 | discoverer = Harvard College Obs. | discovery_site = Agassiz Stn. | mpc_name = (1940) Whipple | alt_names = 1975 CA{{·}}1932 AD 1950 LH{{·}}1962 SH {{mp|1970 EC|1}}{{·}}{{mp|1971 KD|1}} 1971 KN{{·}}A916 AD | pronounced = | named_after = Fred L. Whipple {{small|(American astronomer)}}[2] | mp_category = main-belt{{·}}{{small|(outer)}} [3] | orbit_ref = | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 54.50 yr (19,907 days) | aphelion = 3.2556 AU | perihelion = 2.8656 AU | semimajor = 3.0606 AU | eccentricity = 0.0637 | period = 5.35 yr (1,956 days) | mean_anomaly = 18.583° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1841|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 6.5587° | asc_node = 263.80° | arg_peri = 179.82° | dimensions = {{val|32.57|0.43}} km[5] 33.83 km {{small|(derived)}}[3] {{val|33.87|1.3}} km[7] {{val|36.34|0.66}} km[8] {{val|37.481|0.250}} km[9] {{val|40.431|0.471}} km[10] | rotation = {{val|5.78|0.03}} h[11] {{val|6.953|0.003}} h[12] | albedo = {{val|0.0430|0.0097}}[10] {{val|0.054|0.002}}[8] 0.0560 {{small|(derived)}}[3] {{val|0.060|0.009}}[5] {{val|0.0613|0.005}}[7] | spectral_type = C [3][19] | abs_magnitude = 11.0[7][8][10]{{·}}11.1[3][5]{{·}}{{val|11.16|0.27}}[19] }}1940 Whipple, provisional designation {{mp|1975 CA}}, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 February 1975, by the Harvard College Observatory at its George R. Agassiz Station near Harvard, Massachusetts, in the United States, and named after astronomer Fred Whipple.[27] Classification and orbitWhipple orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,956 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was made at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 13 years prior to its discovery observation.[27]Physical characteristicsWhipple has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.[19]Diameter and albedoAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 32.6 and 40.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.06.[5][7][8][9][10] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.056 and a diameter of 33.8 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.1.[3] LightcurvesIn December 2011, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by American astronomer Russel Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory ({{small|H39}}). It gave a well-defined rotation period of {{val|6.953|0.003}} hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude ({{small|U=3}}),[12] superseding a period of {{val|5.78|0.03}} hours previously obtained by French astronomer René Roy in 2005 ({{small|U=2}}).[11] NamingThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Fred Lawrence Whipple (1906–2004), author of the icy conglomerate model, also known as the dirty snowball hypothesis.[2] Whipple worked at the Harvard College Observatory for over 70 years and was the director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory where he developed new methods imaging meteors. He was also president of several commissions at the International Astronomical Union and on NASA's panel for missions to small Solar System bodies.[2] The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 ({{small|M.P.C. 3828}}).[41] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1940) Whipple |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 156 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1941 |chapter = (1940) Whipple }} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]2. ^1 2 {{cite web |title = 1940 Whipple (1975 CA) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1940 |accessdate = 25 September 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |accessdate = 25 September 2016}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1940) Whipple |last = Behrend |first = Raoul |publisher = Geneva Observatory |url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001940 |accessdate = 25 September 2016}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer |first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent |first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson |first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett |date = August 2014 |title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 791 |issue = 2 |page = 11 |bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 |arxiv = 1406.6645 |access-date= 1 September 2016}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |title = LCDB Data for (1940) Whipple |publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=1940%7CWhipple |accessdate = 25 September 2016}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco |first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah |first3 = M. |last3 = Noah |first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price |date = October 2004 |title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0 |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2004PDSS...12.....T |journal = NASA Planetary Data System |volume = 12 |pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T |access-date= 25 September 2016}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |url = http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/5/1117.full.pdf+html |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |access-date= 25 September 2016}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |arxiv = 1109.6407 }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = T. |last3 = Grav |first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer |first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri |first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent |first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera |date = November 2012 |title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume = 759 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M |doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8 |arxiv = 1209.5794 |access-date= 25 September 2016}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |author = Durkee, Russell I. |date = April 2012 |title = Lightcurves of 1940 Whipple and (6823) 1988 ED1 |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012MPBu...39...92D |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 39 |issue = 2 |pages = 92–93 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2012MPBu...39...92D |access-date= 25 September 2016}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres |first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke |first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons |first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau |first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik |first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin |first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel |first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat |first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett |first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers |first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling |first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser |first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier |first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan |first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price |first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry |first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters |date = November 2015 |title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V |journal = Icarus |volume = 261 |pages = 34–47 |bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 |arxiv = 1506.00762 |access-date= 25 September 2016}} }} External links
5 : Background asteroids|Discoveries by the Harvard College Observatory|Minor planets named for people|Named minor planets|Astronomical objects discovered in 1975 |
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