| 词条 | Gasterosteiformes |
| 释义 |
| image = Gasterosteus aculeatus.jpg | image_caption = Three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus | taxon = Gasterosteiformes | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision =Aulorhynchidae Gasterosteidae Hypoptychidae }} Gasterosteiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes the sticklebacks and relatives. In the Gasterosteiformes, the pelvic girdle is never attached to the cleithra directly, and the supramaxillary, orbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid bones are absent. The body is often partly or completely covered with dermal plates. The name "Gasterosteiformes" means "bone-bellies". It is derived from Ancient Greek gaster (γαστήρ; "stomach", "abdomen") + ostoun (ὀστοῦν; "bone"). The ending for fish orders "-formes" is derived from Latin and indicates "of similar form". SystematicsGasterosteiformes often includes the sea horses, pipefishes and their relatives as suborder Syngnathoidei, with the sticklebacks and relatives in the suborder Gasterosteoidei.[1] In many more recent treatments the traditional placement[2] as different orders, with the former becoming Syngnathiformes, is used.[3] There is a growing body of evidence that this is correct; in fact, the two groups do not seem to be particularly close relatives among the Acanthopterygii. As it seems, the loosely delimited Gasterosteiformes are paraphyletic with the Scorpaeniformes. The more typical members of that group (e.g. scorpionfishes) are apparently closer to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, whereas the keel-bodied flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) seem actually to belong to the Syngnathiformes clade. It seems that the closest living relatives of the narrowly delimited Gasterosteiformes are the gunnels (Pholidae) and eelpouts (Zoarcidae), traditionally placed in the massively paraphyletic "Perciformes". These two families, as well as the related Trichodontidae, would then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation which have apomorphically lost the bone "armour" found in their relatives.[4] Three families certainly belong to the Gasterosteiformes sensu stricto:
The armoured sticklebacks (Indostomidae) and the dragonfishes and sea moths (Pegasidae) are variously placed with the pipefish or stickleback lineage. While the Pegasidae are almost certainly Syngnathiformes, the proper placement of the monotypic former family remains unresolved.[4] Following the practice of the major fish classification organizations, it is included here. Timeline of generaImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-145.5 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar:NAM20 bar:NAM21 bar:NAM22 bar:NAM23 bar:NAM24 bar:NAM25 bar:NAM26 bar:NAM27 bar:NAM28 bar:NAM29 bar:NAM30 bar:NAM31 bar:NAM32 bar:NAM33 bar:NAM34 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H. bar:eratop from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q. PlotData= color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1 from: -83.5 till: -70.6 text: Gasterorhamphosus color:eocene bar:NAM2 from: -55.8 till: -55.8 text: Urosphenopsis color:eocene bar:NAM3 from: -55.8 till: -55.8 text: Protorhamphosus color:eocene bar:NAM4 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Urosphen color:eocene bar:NAM5 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Synhypuralis color:eocene bar:NAM6 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Solenorhynchus color:eocene bar:NAM7 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Ramphosus color:eocene bar:NAM8 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Pseudosyngnathus color:eocene bar:NAM9 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Prosolenostomus color:eocene bar:NAM10 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Parasynarcualis color:eocene bar:NAM11 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Paramphisile color:eocene bar:NAM12 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Paraeoliscus color:eocene bar:NAM13 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Macroaulostomus color:eocene bar:NAM14 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Jungersenichthys color:eocene bar:NAM15 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Fistularioides color:eocene bar:NAM16 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Eoaulostomus color:eocene bar:NAM17 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Calamostoma color:eocene bar:NAM18 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aulostomoides color:eocene bar:NAM19 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aulorhamphus color:eocene bar:NAM20 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: Aeoliscoides color:eocene bar:NAM21 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Syngnathus color:eocene bar:NAM22 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Solenostomus color:eocene bar:NAM23 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Protaulopsis color:eocene bar:NAM24 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Aulostomus color:eocene bar:NAM25 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Aulorhynchus color:oligocene bar:NAM26 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: Hipposyngnathus color:oligocene bar:NAM27 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Fistularia color:oligocene bar:NAM28 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Aeoliscus color:oligocene bar:NAM29 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Acanthognathus color:oligocene bar:NAM30 from: -28.4 till: 0 text: Nerophis color:miocene bar:NAM31 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Pungitius color:miocene bar:NAM32 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Gasterosteus color:pliocene bar:NAM33 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Hippocampus color:pliocene bar:NAM34 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Centriscus PlotData= bar:period from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H. bar:era from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q. Footnotes1. ^E.g. ITIS (2004), Nelson (2006) 2. ^E.g. McAllister (1968) 3. ^E.g. FishBase (2005a,b) 4. ^1 Kawahara (2008) References
External links{{Commons category}}
3 : Gasterosteiformes|Ray-finned fish orders|Articles which contain graphical timelines |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。