| 词条 | Gaston Bachelard |
| 释义 |
| region = Western philosophy | era = 20th-century philosophy | image = Gaston Bachelard 1965.jpg | caption = | name = Gaston Bachelard | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1884|6|27}} | birth_place = Bar-sur-Aube, France | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1962|10|16|1884|6|27}} | death_place = Paris, France | education = University of Paris (B.A., 1920; D.-ès-Lettres, 1927)[1] | institutions = University of Dijon[2] University of Paris | school_tradition = Continental philosophy French rationalism French historical epistemology[3] | doctoral_advisor = Léon Brunschvicg | main_interests = Historical epistemology constructivist epistemology, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of art, psychoanalysis, literary theory, education | influences = Émile Meyerson, Auguste Comte, Abel Rey, Léon Brunschvicg,[4] Carl Jung[5] | influenced = Alexandre Koyré, Georges Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Dominique Lecourt, François Dagognet, Nader El-Bizri, Rogelio Salmona, Don Ihde, Cornelius Castoriadis,[6] Michel Serres,[7] Jules Vuillemin | notable_ideas = Epistemological break, rational materialism, technoscience (techno-science)[8] | signature = SignatureGastonBachelard.jpg | signature_size = 100px }} Gaston Bachelard ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|æ|ʃ|ə|ˈ|l|ɑr}} ; {{IPA-fr|baʃlaʁ|lang}}; 27 June 1884 – 16 October 1962) was a French philosopher.[9] He made contributions in the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science. To the latter he introduced the concepts of epistemological obstacle and epistemological break (obstacle épistémologique and rupture épistémologique). He influenced many subsequent French philosophers, among them Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Dominique Lecourt and Jacques Derrida, as well as the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. For Gaston the scientific object should be constructed and therefore different from the positivist sciences information is in continuous construction. Empiricism and rationalism are not regarded as dualism or opposition but complementary, therefore studies of a priori and a posteriori or in other words reason and are dialectic and are part of scientific research.[10] Life and workBachelard was a postmaster in Bar-sur-Aube, and then studied physics before finally becoming interested in philosophy. He was a professor at Dijon from 1930 to 1940 and then became the inaugural chair in history and philosophy of the sciences at the Sorbonne. In 1958 he became a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.[11] Bachelard's psychology of scienceBachelard's studies of the history and philosophy of science in such works as Le nouvel esprit scientifique ("The New Scientific Spirit", 1934) and La formation de l'esprit scientifique ("The Formation of the Scientific Mind", 1938) were based on his vision of historical epistemology as a kind of psychoanalysis of the scientific mind. In the English-speaking world, the connection Bachelard made between psychology and the history of science has been little understood. Bachelard demonstrated how the progress of science could be blocked by certain types of mental patterns, creating the concept of obstacle épistémologique ("epistemological obstacle"). One task of epistemology is to make clear the mental patterns at use in science, in order to help scientists overcome the obstacles to knowledge. Epistemological breaks: the discontinuity of scientific progressBachelard was critical of Auguste Comte's positivism, which considered science as a continual progress. To Bachelard, scientific developments such as Einstein's theory of relativity demonstrated the discontinuous nature of the history of sciences. Thus models that framed scientific development as continuous, such as that of Comte and Émile Meyerson, seemed simplistic and erroneous to Bachelard. Through his concept of "epistemological break", Bachelard underlined the discontinuity at work in the history of sciences. However the term "epistemological break" itself is almost never used by Bachelard, but became famous through Louis Althusser. He showed that new theories integrated old theories in new paradigms, changing the sense of concepts (for instance, the concept of mass, used by Newton and Einstein in two different senses). Thus, non-Euclidean geometry did not contradict Euclidean geometry, but integrated it into a larger framework. The role of epistemology in scienceBachelard was a rationalist in the Cartesian sense, although he recommended his "non-Cartesian epistemology" as a replacement for the more standard Cartesian epistemology.[12] He compared "scientific knowledge" to ordinary knowledge in the way we deal with it, and saw error as only illusion: "Scientifically, one thinks truth as the historical rectification of a persistent error, and experiments as correctives for an initial, common illusion (illusion première)."[13] The role of epistemology is to show the history of the (scientific) production of concepts; those concepts are not just theoretical propositions: they are simultaneously abstract and concrete, pervading technical and pedagogical activity. This explains why "The electric bulb is an object of scientific thought… an example of an abstract-concrete object."[14] To understand the way it works, one has to take the detour of scientific knowledge. Epistemology is thus not a general philosophy that aims at justifying scientific reasoning. Instead it produces regional histories of science. Shifts in scientific perspectiveBachelard saw how seemingly irrational theories often simply represented a drastic shift in scientific perspective. For instance, he claimed that the theory of probabilities was just another way of complexifying reality through a deepening of rationality (even though critics like Lord Kelvin found this theory irrational).[15] One of his main theses in The New Scientific Mind was that modern sciences had replaced the classical ontology of the substance with an "ontology of relations", which could be assimilated to something like a process philosophy. For instance, the physical concepts of matter and rays correspond, according to him, to the metaphysical concepts of the thing and of movement; but whereas classical philosophy considered both as distinct, and the thing as ontologically real, modern science can not distinguish matter from rays: it is thus impossible to examine an immobile thing, which was precisely the condition for knowledge according to classical theory of knowledge (Becoming being impossible to be known, in accordance with Aristotle and Plato's theories of knowledge). In non-Cartesian epistemology, there is no "simple substance" as in Cartesianism, but only complex objects built by theories and experiments, and continuously improved (VI, 4). Intuition is therefore not primitive, but built (VI, 2). These themes led Bachelard to support a sort of constructivist epistemology. Other academic interestsIn addition to epistemology, Bachelard's work deals with many other topics, including poetry, dreams, psychoanalysis, and the imagination. The Psychoanalysis of Fire (1938) and The Poetics of Space (1958) are among the most popular of his works, and the latter had a wide reception in architectural theory circles. Jean-Paul Sartre cites the former and Bachelard's Water and Dreams in his Being and Nothingness. BibliographyHis works include:
English translationsThough most of Bachelard's major works on poetics have been translated into English, only a few of his works on the philosophy of science have been translated.
See also{{Portal|Poetry|Philosophy}}{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} References1. ^Cristina Chimisso, Gaston Bachelard: Critic of Science and the Imagination, Routledge, 2013, p. 51. 2. ^Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998): "Bachelard, Gaston (1884-1962)". 3. ^E. Reck (ed.), The Historical Turn in Analytic Philosophy, Springer, 2016: ch. 2.1. 4. ^Joseph W. Dauben and Christoph J. Scriba (eds.), Writing the History of Mathematics – Its Historical Development, 2002, p. 33. 5. ^Eileen Rizo-Patron, Edward S. Casey, Jason M. Wirth (eds.), Adventures in Phenomenology: Gaston Bachelard, SUNY Press, 2017, p. 123 n. 11. 6. ^François Dosse. Castoriadis. Une vie. Paris: La Découverte, 2014, pp. 43–4. 7. ^M. Serres, "La réforme et les sept péchés," L'Arc, 42, Bachelard special issue (1970). 8. ^A term for the combination of technology and science as disciplines coined in 1953 by Bachelard; see: Gaston Bachelard, La materialisme rationel, Paris: PUF, 1953; Don Ihde, Expanding Hermeneutics: Visualism in Science, Northwestern University Press, 1999, p. 8. 9. ^{{cite book | title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers | year=1996 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | pages=41–42 | isbn=0-415-06043-5}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lima|first=Marcos Antonio Martins|last2=Marinelli|first2=Marcos|date=2011-07-13|title=A epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard: uma ruptura com as filosofias do imobilismo|url=http://www.periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/revistacfh/article/view/25488|journal=Revista de Ciências Humanas|volume=45|issue=2|doi=10.5007/2178-4582.2011v45n2p393|issn=2178-4582}} 11. ^Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769-2005) p 19. 12. ^The New Scientific Mind, conclusion. 13. ^The New Scientific Mind, VI, 6. 14. ^in Le Rationalisme appliqué (1949, 2nd ed. of 1962, p. 104ff). 15. ^The New Scientific Mind, V (p. 120 French ed., 1934). Sources
Further reading
| last = Dagognet | first = F. | title = Bachelard, Gaston | encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume = 1 | pages = 365–366 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York |year=1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
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16 : 1884 births|1962 deaths|People from Bar-sur-Aube|Epistemologists|Continental philosophers|20th-century French philosophers|20th-century French poets|Philosophers of science|Philosophers of education|Sociologists of science|University of Paris alumni|University of Paris faculty|University of Burgundy faculty|French male poets|Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium|20th-century male writers |
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