| 词条 | Gastronomy |
| 释义 |
EtymologyEtymologically, the word "gastronomy" is derived from Ancient Greek γαστήρ, gastḗr, "stomach", and νόμος, nómos, "laws that govern", and therefore literally means "the art or law of regulating the stomach". The term is purposely all-encompassing: it subsumes all of cooking technique, nutritional facts, food science, and everything that has to do with palatability plus applications of taste and smell as human ingestion of foodstuffs goes.[4] HistoryGastronomy involves discovering, tasting, experiencing, researching, understanding and writing about food preparation and the sensory qualities of human nutrition as a whole. It also studies how nutrition interfaces with the broader culture. Later on, the application of biological and chemical knowledge to cooking has become known as molecular gastronomy, yet gastronomy covers a much broader, interdisciplinary ground. The culinary term appears for the first time in a title in a poem by Joseph Berchoux in 1801 entitled "Gastronomie."[5] Pascal Ory, a French historian, defines gastronomy as the establishment of rules of eating and drinking, an "art of the table," and distinguishes it from good cooking (bonne cuisine) or fine cooking (haute cuisine). Ory traces the origins of gastronomy back to the French reign of Louis XIV when people took interest in developing rules to discriminate between good and bad style and extended their thinking to define good culinary taste. The lavish and sophisticated cuisine and practices of the French court became the culinary model for the French. Alexandre Grimod de La Reyniere wrote the first gastronomic work Almanach des gourmands (1803) elevating the status of food discourse to a disciplined level based on his views of French tradition and morals. Grimod aimed to reestablish order lost after the revolution and institute gastronomy as a serious subject in France. Grimod expanded gastronomic literature to the three forms of the genre: the guidebook, the gastronomic treatise, and the gourmet periodical. The invention of gastronomic literature coincided with important cultural transformations in France that increased the relevance of the subject. The end of nobility in France changed how people consumed food; fewer wealthy households employed cooks and the new bourgeoisie class wanted to assert their status by consuming elitist food. The emergence of the restaurant satisfied these social needs and provided good food available for popular consumption. The center of culinary excellence in France shifted from Versailles to Paris, a city with a competitive and innovative culinary culture. The culinary commentary of Grimod and other gastronomes influenced the tastes and expectations of consumers in an unprecedented manner as a third party to the consumer-chef interaction.[5] The French origins of gastronomy explain the widespread use of French terminology in gastronomic literature. Gastronomic literature, Pascal Ory criticizes, is conceptually vague relying heavily on anecdotal evidence and using confusing, poorly defined terminology. Despite Ory’s criticism, gastronomy has grown from a marginalized subject in France to a serious and popular interest worldwide.[5] The derivative gourmet has come into use since the publication of the book by Brillat-Savarin, The Physiology of Taste. According to Brillat-Savarin, "Gastronomy is the knowledge and understanding of all that relates to man as he eats. Its purpose is to ensure the conservation of men, using the best food possible."[6][7] Writings on gastronomyThere have been many writings on gastronomy throughout the world that capture the thoughts and esthetics of a culture's cuisine during a period in their history. Some works continue to define or influence the contemporary gastronomic thought and cuisine of their respective cultures as listed below:
See also
ReferencesInline citations1. ^Oxford Dictionary. 2. ^{{cite book|author1=Cailein Gillespie|author2=John Cousins|title=European Gastronomy into the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G5cihKVlOIC|date=23 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-40493-1|page=4}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.crystal.kitchen/2011/05/13/what-the-hell-is-gastronomy-anyway/|title=What the Hell is Gastronomy, Anyway?|date=2011-05-13|work=adventures of an omnomnomnivore in NYC|access-date=2018-01-17|language=en-US}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=Entomological Gastronomy|last=Lilholt|first=Addison|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2015|isbn=1312792469|location=|pages=}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Ory|first1=Pascal|title=Realms of Memory: Tradition|date=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=445-448}} 6. ^Montagné, Prosper. Larousse gastronomique: The New American Edition of the World's Greatest Culinary Encyclopedia. Edited by Jennifer Harvey Lang. New York: Crown, 1988. Second English edition. 7. ^"Gastronomic Meal of the French - UNESCO"Inscribed in 2010 (5.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. General references
External links
2 : Food and drink culture|Gastronomy |
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