“Afterload”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Afterload

释义

Pathology
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References
Further reading
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Afterload is the pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole. In other words, it is the end load against which the heart contracts to eject blood. Afterload is readily broken into components: one factor is the aortic pressure the left ventricular muscle must overcome to eject blood. The greater the aortic/pulmonary pressure, the greater the after load on the left/right ventricle, respectively. Following Laplace's law, the tension upon the muscle fibers in the heart wall is the pressure within the ventricle multiplied by the volume within the ventricle divided by the wall thickness (this ratio is the other factor in setting the afterload). Therefore, when comparing a normal heart to a heart with a dilated left ventricle, if the aortic pressure is the same in both hearts, the dilated heart must create a greater tension to overcome the same aortic pressure to eject blood because it has a larger internal radius and volume. Thus, the dilated heart has a greater total load (tension) on the myocytes, i.e., has a higher afterload. This is also true in the eccentric hypertrophy consequent to high intensity aerobic training. Conversely, a concentrically hypertrophied left ventricle may have a lower afterload for a given aortic pressure. When contractility becomes impaired and the ventricle dilates, the afterload rises and limits output. This may start a vicious circle, in which cardiac output is reduced as oxygen requirements are increased.^[1]

Afterload can also be described as the pressure that the chambers of the heart must generate in order to eject blood out of the heart and thus is a consequence of the aortic pressure (for the left ventricle) and pulmonic pressure or pulmonary artery pressure (for the right ventricle). The pressure in the ventricles must be greater than the systemic and pulmonary pressure to open the aortic and pulmonic valves, respectively. As afterload increases, cardiac output decreases. Cardiac imaging is a somewhat limited modality in defining afterload because it depends on the interpretation of volumetric data.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Pathology

Disease processes pathology that include indicators such as an increasing left ventricular afterload include elevated blood pressure and aortic valve disease.

Systemic hypertension (HTN) (elevated blood pressure) increases the left ventricular (LV) afterload because the LV must work harder to eject blood into the aorta. This is because the aortic valve won't open until the pressure generated in the left ventricle is higher than the elevated blood pressure in the aorta.^[2]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is increased blood pressure within the right heart leading to the lungs. PH indicates a regionally applied increase in afterload dedicated to the right side of the heart, divided and isolated from the left heart by the interventricular septum.

In the natural aging process, aortic stenosis often increases afterload because the left ventricle must overcome the pressure gradient caused by the calcified and stenotic aortic valve in addition to the blood pressure in order to eject blood into the aorta. For instance, if the blood pressure is 120/80, and the aortic valve stenosis creates a trans-valvular gradient of 30 mmHg, the left ventricle has to generate a pressure of 110 mmHg in order to open the aortic valve and eject blood into the aorta.

Due to the increased afterload, the ventricle has to work harder to accomplish its goal of ejecting blood into the aorta. Thus in the long-term, the increased afterload (due to the stenosis) will result in hypertrophy of the left ventricle to account for the increased work required.

Aortic insufficiency (Aortic Regurgitation) increases afterload because a percentage of the blood that is ejected forward regurgitates back through the diseased aortic valve. This leads to elevated systolic blood pressure. The diastolic blood pressure in the aorta would fall, due to regurgitation. This would result in an increase in pulse pressure.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) decreases afterload. In ventricular systole under MR, regurgitant blood flows backwards/retrograde back and forth through a diseased and leaking mitral valve. The remaining blood loaded into the LV is then optimally ejected out through the aortic valve. With an extra pathway for blood flow through the mitral valve, the left ventricle does not have to work as hard to eject its blood, i.e. there is a decreased afterload.^[3] Afterload is largely dependent upon aortic pressure.

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Kasper, Dennis L |author2=Braunwald, Eugene |author3=Fauci, Anthony |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=16th |publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|year=2005|pages= 1346|isbn=0-07-139140-1|display-authors=etal}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/50/636804.pdf |title=Introduction to Cardiovascular Pathophysiology |accessdate=2010-05-04 |last=Homoud |first=MK |date=Spring 2008 |work=Tufts Open Courseware |publisher=Tufts University|page=10 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD009c.htm |title=Mitral Regurgitation |accessdate=2010-01-01 |last=Klabunde RE |date=2007-04-05 |work=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts |publisher=Richard E. Klabunde | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103195916/http://cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD009c.htm| archivedate= 3 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}

External links

Overview at cvphysiology.com

1 : Cardiovascular physiology

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Pathology

See also

References

Further reading

External links