| 词条 | GBU-43/B MOAB |
| 释义 |
|name= GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) |image= |caption= GBU-43/B on display at the Air Force Armament Museum, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Note the grid fins. |origin= United States |is_explosive=yes |service= 2003–present |used_by= United States Air Force |wars= War in Afghanistan (2001–present) |designer= Air Force Research Laboratory |design_date= 2002 |manufacturer= McAlester Army Ammunition Plant | unit_cost = | production_date = 2003 | number = 15 |variants= |weight= {{convert|21600|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}} |length= {{convert|30|ft|1.75|in|order=flip|abbr=on}} |part_length= |width= |height= |crew= |diameter= {{convert|40.5|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} |filling= H-6 |filling_weight= {{convert|18700|lb|abbr=on|order=flip}} |detonation= |yield= 11 tons TNT (46 GJ) }} The GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|oʊ|æ|b}}, commonly known as "Mother of All Bombs") is a large-yield bomb, developed for the United States military by Albert L. Weimorts, Jr. of the Air Force Research Laboratory.[1] At the time of development, it was said to be the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the American arsenal.[2] The bomb is designed to be delivered by a C-130 Hercules, primarily the MC-130E Combat Talon I or MC-130H Combat Talon II variants. The MOAB was first dropped in combat in the 13 April 2017 airstrike against an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (ISIS) tunnel complex in Achin District, Afghanistan.[3] Design and developmentThe basic principle resembles that of the BLU-82 Daisy Cutter, which was used to clear heavily wooded areas in the Vietnam War. Decades later, the BLU-82 was used in Afghanistan in November 2001[4] against the Taliban. Its success as a weapon of intimidation led to the decision to develop the MOAB. Pentagon officials suggested MOAB might be used as an anti-personnel weapon, as part of the "shock and awe" strategy integral to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[5] GBU-43s are delivered from C-130 cargo aircraft, inside which they are carried on cradles resting on airdrop platforms. The bombs are dropped by deploying drogue parachutes, which also extract the cradle and platform from the aircraft. Shortly after launch the drogues are released and the bomb falls without the use of a retarding parachute. GPS satellite-guidance is used to guide bombs to their targets.[2] The MOAB is not a penetrator weapon and is primarily an air burst ordnance intended for soft to medium surface targets covering extended areas and targets in a contained environment such as a deep canyon or within a cave system.[6] High altitude carpet-bombing with much smaller {{convert|500|to|2000|lb|order=flip|adj = on}} bombs delivered via heavy bombers such as the B-52, B-2, or the B-1 is also highly effective at covering large areas.[7] The MOAB is designed to be used against a specific target, and cannot by itself replicate the effects of a typical heavy bomber mission. During the Vietnam War's Operation Arc Light program, for example, the United States Air Force sent B-52s on well over 10,000 bombing raids, each usually carried out by two groups of three aircraft. A typical mission dropped 168 tons of ordnance, pounding an area 1.5 by 0.5 miles with an explosive force equivalent to 10 to 17 MOABs.[8][9][10] MOAB was first tested with the explosive tritonal on 11 March 2003, on Range 70 located at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. It was tested again on 21 November 2003.[2] Since 2003, 15 MOABs have been manufactured at the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant in McAlester, Oklahoma.[11][12] The Air Force has said the MOAB has a unit price of $170,000, but this is a historical unit cost made in the mid-2000s and various factors of the bomb's atypical development process have made exact cost estimation difficult. The Air Force Research Lab generated the value based on already existing parts such as bomb casing and metals, and since the bomb was built in-house by the service they did not pay for outside research or have standard procurement costs associated with it. MOAB was a "crash project" developed for use against an adversary with uncertain tactics on unfamiliar terrain, and so was an effort to meet an urgent need not a formal program. Should more bombs be ordered to be built, manufacturing would likely be started over with higher costs due to a lack of old parts, price inflation, and new design and testing.[13] Operational use{{Main|2017 Nangarhar airstrike}}On 13 April 2017, a MOAB was dropped[14] on an ISIS-Khorasan cave complex in Achin District, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. It was the first operational use of the bomb.[15][16][17] Two days later, an Afghan army spokesman said that the strike killed 94 ISIS-K militants, including four commanders, with no signs of civilian casualties.[18] However, a parliamentarian from Nangarhar province, Esmatullah Shinwari, said the explosion killed a teacher and his young son.[19][20] Former US military official Marc Garlasco, who served in the George W. Bush administration, said that the US had not previously used the MOAB because of worries that it would inadvertently hurt or kill civilians.[21] Similar weaponsDuring World War II, Royal Air Force Bomber Command used the Grand Slam, officially known as the "Bomb, Medium Capacity, 22,000 lb" 42 times. At 22,000 lbs total weight, these earthquake bombs were technically larger than the MOAB. However, half their weight was due to the cast iron casing necessary for penetrating the ground (up to 40 m) before exploding. The MOAB, in contrast, has a light 2,900 lb aluminum casing surrounding {{convert|18,700| lb|abbr=on}} of explosive Composition H-6 material.[22] The United States Air Force's T-12 Cloudmaker 44,000-pound demolition bomb (similar in design to the Grand Slam), developed after World War II, carried a heavier explosive charge than the MOAB, but was never used in combat. In 2007, the Russian military announced that they had tested a thermobaric weapon nicknamed the "Father of All Bombs" ("FOAB").[23] The weapon is claimed to be four times as powerful as the MOAB,[24][2] but its specifications are widely disputed.[25][26] The MOAB is the most powerful conventional bomb ever used in combat as measured by the weight of its explosive material.[27][28] The explosive yield is comparable to that of the smallest tactical nuclear weapons, such as the Cold War-era American M-388 projectile fired by the portable Davy Crockett recoilless gun. The M-388, a W54 nuclear warhead variant, weighed less than 60 pounds. At the projectile's lowest yield setting of 10 tons, roughly equivalent to a single MOAB, its explosive force was only 1/144,000th (0.0007%) that of the Air Force's 1.44-megaton W49 warhead, a nuclear weapon commonly found on American ICBMs from the early 1960s. See also
References1. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/dec/27/local/me-passings27.3 |title=Albert L. Weimorts Jr. 67; Engineer Created 'Bunker Buster' Bombs |agency=Times Wire Services |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=27 December 2005 |accessdate=8 July 2010}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/moab.htm |title=GBU-43/B "Mother Of All Bombs" / Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb |author= |date=2017 |website=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=26 March 2018 |quote=}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dodlive.mil/2017/04/14/what-to-know-about-the-gbu-43b-mother-of-all-bombs/ |title=What to Know About the GBU-43/B, ‘Mother of All Bombs’ |first=Shannon |last=Collins |date=14 April 2017 |website=DoD live |access-date=22 April 2017 |quote=Al Weimorts, the creator of the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (pictured left), and Joseph Fellenz, lead model maker, look over the prototype before it was painted and tested.}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism6 |title=Taliban hit by bombs used in Vietnam |first=Richard |last=Norton-Taylor |date=6 November 2001 |newspaper=The Guardian}} 5. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/206160/enter-moab-mackubin-thomas-owens |title=Enter Moab |last=Owens |first=Mackubin Thomas |year=2003 |magazine=National Review Online |access-date=9 December 2011}} 6. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-mother-of-all-bombs |title=What you need to know about the 'Mother of All Bombs' |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |year=2017 |magazine=Defense News |access-date=14 April 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/weapons/l/aabombs4.htm |title=United States Military Weapons of War |accessdate=9 December 2007 |date=2007 |website=About.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917185011/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/weapons/l/aabombs4.htm |archivedate=17 September 2007}} 8. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwb52.htm |title=B-52 Mission, Totals By Year/Month |accessdate=18 April 2017 |year=2017 |website=American War Library.com}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stratofortress.org/history.htm |title=The Story of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress |accessdate=18 April 2017 |year=2017 |website=B-52 Stratofortress Association}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.103fieldbatteryraa.net/documents/74.html |title=General Statistics Vietnam War |accessdate=18 April 2017 |year=2017 |website=103 Field Battery RAA.net}} 11. ^{{Cite news |first=Michael |last=Dekker |url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/homepagelatest/made-in-oklahoma-mother-of-all-bombs-dropped-in-afghanistan/article_751c643e-f92c-58ae-8b44-a6a6429948c7.html |title=Made in Oklahoma: 'Mother of all bombs' dropped in Afghanistan could have come from McAlester |newspaper=Tulsa World |date=April 14, 2017}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Lord |first1=Debbie |title=What is the 'mother of all bombs', and what does it do? |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/local-military/what-the-mother-all-bombs-and-what-does/MIfXaYYaPyCaraZNF4UOcK/ |accessdate=16 April 2017 |newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=13 April 2017}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/04/22/after-us-drops-frankenbomb-on-afghanistan-questions-linger.html |title=After US Drops 'Frankenbomb' on Afghanistan, Questions Linger |first=Oriana |last=Pawlyk |website=Military.com |date=22 April 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ8j4QlYcYk |title=Drone footage shows MOAB drop in Afghanistan |author=USA Today |date=14 April 2017 |website=YouTube}} 15. ^1 {{Cite news |first1=Helene |last1=Cooper |first2=Mujib |last2=Mashal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/world/asia/moab-mother-of-all-bombs-afghanistan.html |title=U.S. Drops 'Mother of All Bombs' on ISIS Caves in Afghanistan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 13, 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-drops-mother-of-all-bombs-in-afghanistan-marking-weapons-first-use/ |title=U.S. drops "mother of all bombs" in Afghanistan, marking weapon's first use |website=CBS News |date=13 April 2017 |accessdate=13 April 2017}} 17. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/articles/military-gbu-43-moab-bomb-dropped-in-afghanistan |title=CENTCOM: US drops 'mother of all bombs' on ISIS in Afghanistan |first=Charlsy |last=Panzino |newspaper=Air Force Times |date=13 April 2017 |accessdate=13 April 2017}} 18. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghan-official-death-toll-from-massive-us-bomb-rises-to-94-including-4-isis-commanders-1.463677#.WPI2z_WcGUn |title=Afghan official: Death toll from massive US bomb rises to 94, including 4 ISIS commanders |magazine=Stars and Stripes |date=15 April 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/4/14/us_drops_its_biggest_non_nuclear |title=U.S. Drops Its Biggest Non-Nuclear Bomb on Afghans, Already Traumatized by Decades of War |website=Democracy Now |date=14 April 2017}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/13/us-military-drops-non-nuclear-bomb-afghanistan-islamic-state |title=36 Isis militants killed in US 'mother of all bombs' attack, Afghan ministry says |first1=Spencer |last1=Ackerman |first2=Sune Engel |last2=Rasmussen |date=14 April 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}} 21. ^{{Cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/04/13/mother-of-all-bombs-never-used-before-due-to-civilian-casualty-concerns/ |title='Mother of All Bombs' Never Used Before Due to Civilian Casualty Concerns |last=Emmons |first=Alex |date=13 April 2017 |website=The Intercept |access-date=14 April 2017}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/40022/the-mother-bombs-understanding-massive-ordnance-air-blast-weapon/ |title='The Mother of All Bombs': Understanding the Massive Ordnance Air Blast Weapon |last1=Schmitt |first1=Michael |last2=Barker |first2=Peter |website=Just Security.org |accessdate=April 20, 2017 }} 23. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.belairdaily.com/father-of-all-bombs/6372.html |title=Trump Dropped Mother of All Bombs. But He Wasn’t Expecting Russia to do This |website=Bel Air Daily |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2017}} 24. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2167175,00.html |title=Russia unveils the 'father of all bombs' |first=Luke |last=Harding |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 September 2007 |accessdate=12 September 2007}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.com/en/russian-bomb-claims-questionable-expert-says/a-2782398-1 |title=Russian Bomb Claims Questionable, Expert Says |website=Deutsche Welle |date=14 September 2007}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/10/russian-father/ |title=Russian "Father of All Bombs" = Fake? |website=Wired |date=10 April 2007}} 27. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a26055/us-air-force-drops-moab-isis/ |title=U.S. Air Force Drops the Largest Conventional Bomb Ever Used in Combat |magazine=Popular Mechanics}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/13/us-drops-largest-non-nuclear-bomb-ever-in-afghanistan.html |title=US drops largest non-nuclear bomb ever in Afghanistan |website=CNBC}} External links{{commons|GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb}}
6 : Articles containing video clips|Guided bombs of the United States|Strategic bombing|War on Terror|War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2003 |
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