“1978 Individual Speedway World Championship”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

1978 Individual Speedway World Championship

释义

British Qualification
British Final
Swedish Qualification
Swedish Final
New Zealand Final
Intercontinental Round
Australasian Final Danish Final Scandinavian Final Intercontinental Final
Continental Round
Continental Final
World Final
References

{{Motorsport season
|title = Individual Speedway World Championship
|link = Individual Speedway World Championship
|year = 1978
}}

The 1978 Individual Speedway World Championship.

British Qualification

The British qualifying rounds for the World Championship doubled up as qualifying rounds for the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix. Therefore, many non-British riders such as Ivan Mauger and Phil Crump rode in these meetings scoring points towards the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix qualification - but their scores didn't count towards World Championship qualification.

Date	Venue	Winner	Runner-up	3rd place
Preliminary Round
16 April	GBR}}Rye House Stadium	GBR}} Ted Hubbard	GBR}} Kelvin Mullarkey	GBR}} Vic Harding
16 April	GBR}}Boston	GBR}} Steve Weatherley	GBR}} Tom Owen	GBR}} Chris Turner
20 April	GBR}}Teesside	GBR}} Mike Sampson	GBR}} Phil Collins	GBR}} Paul Tyrer
23 April	GBR}}Mildenhall	GBR}} Martin Yeates	GBR}} Richard Greer	GBR}} Bob Coles
27 April	GBR}}Oxford	GBR}} Dave Perks	GBR}} Geoff Bouchard	GBR}} Steve Finch
Qualifying Round
11 May	GBR}}Wimbledon	GBR}} Peter Collins	GBR}} Bob Kilby	GBR}} Dave Jessup
11 May	GBR}}Sheffield	NZL}} Ivan Mauger	GBR}} Doug Wyer	GBR}} Steve Bastable
12 May	GBR}}Hackney	GBR}} Dave Jessup	GBR}} Terry Betts	DEN}} Finn Thomsen
13 May	GBR}}Belle Vue	GBR}} Peter Collins	GBR}} Chris Morton	SCO}} Bobby Beaton
13 May	GBR}}Kings Lynn	GBR}} Michael Lee	AUS}} John Titman	GBR}} Malcolm Simmons
13 May	GBR}}Coventry	GBR}} Alan Molyneux	GBR}} Keith White	AUS}} Billy Sanders
15 May	GBR}}Reading	GBR}} Gordon Kennett	AUS}} Billy Sanders	GBR}} John Davis
15 May	GBR}}Exeter	AUS}} Phil Crump	CSK}} Václav Verner	AUS}} Mike Farrell
15 May	GBR}}Birmingham	GBR}} Ray Wilson	AUS}} John Titman	GBR}} Mike Lanham
16 May	GBR}}Leicester	USA}} Scott Autrey	AUS}} John Titman	GBR}} Les Collins
17 May	GBR}}Poole	GBR}} Tony Davey	CSK}} Václav Verner	GBR}} Malcolm Simmons
17 May	GBR}}White City Stadium	FIN}} Kai Niemi	GBR}} Gordon Kennett	FIN}} Ila Teromaa
17 May	GBR}}Hull	NZL}} Ivan Mauger	SCO}} Bobby Beaton	GBR}} Graham Drury
18 May	GBR}}Swindon	GBR}} Peter Collins	SWE}} Jan Andersson	GBR}} Dave Perks
18 May	GBR}}Ipswich	GBR}} John Louis	GBR}} Michael Lee	GBR}} Tony Davey
19 May	GBR}}Wolverhampton	GBR}} Gordon Kennett	DEN}} Hans Nielsen	SCO}} Jim McMillan
19 May	GBR}}Bristol	GBR}} Joe Owen	NOR}} Tormod Langli	GBR}} Reg Wilson
20 May	GBR}}Cradley Heath	GBR}} Alan Grahame	GBR}} John Davis	AUS}} Bruce Cribb
20 May	GBR}}Halifax	GBR}} Eric Broadbelt	GBR}} Ian Cartwright	GBR}} Phil Collins
Semi-Finals
12 July	GBR}}Poole	GBR}} Tony Davey	GBR}} Gordon Kennett	GBR}} Dave Jessup
13 July	GBR}}Sheffield	GBR}} Peter Collins	GBR}} Chris Morton	GBR}} Michael Lee
Final
16 August	GBR}}Coventry	p1}}\|{{flagicon\|GBR}} Michael Lee	p2}}\|{{flagicon\|GBR}} Dave Jessup	p3}}\|{{flagicon\|GBR}} Malcolm Simmons	result

British Final

August 16, 1978
{{flagicon|GBR}} Coventry, Brandon Stadium
First 4 to World Final

{{Speedway event 20heats|x|RIDERS={{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P1|7|GBR|Michael Lee| |3|3|3|3|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P2|5|GBR|Dave Jessup| |2|3|1|3|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P3|16|GBR|Malcolm Simmons| |0|3|3|2|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|4|9|GBR|Gordon Kennett| |2|2|2|3|1| |x|3 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|5|1|GBR|Steve Bastable| |3|1|2|1|3| |x|2 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|6|12|GBR|Chris Morton| ||2|3|2|3| |x|1 |3i=E }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|7|13|GBR|Tony Davey| |3|0|2|3|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|8|15|GBR|John Davis| |2|2|2|2|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|9|10|GBR|Les Collins| |3|0|1|1|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|10|6|GBR|Peter Collins| |1|3|||2| |x| |9i=E |16i=E }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|11|8|GBR|Reg Wilson| |0|0|3|2|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|12|2|GBR|Doug Wyer| |1|2||1|| |x| |10i=X |18i=E }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|13|14|GBR|Alan Grahame| |1|1|0|0|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|14|4|SCO|Jim McMillan| |2|1|0||0| |x| |16i=T}}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|15|11|GBR|John Louis| |1|0|1|0|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|16|3|GBR|Dave Morton| |0|1|1|0|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R1|R1|GBR|Phil Collins| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R2|R2|GBR|Trevor Geer| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R3|R3|GBR|Mick Bell| |16h=w |16p=1 }}
}}

Swedish Qualification

Date	Venue	Winner	Runner-up	3rd place
Semi-Finals
5 May	SWE}}Avesta	SWE}} Anders Michanek	SWE}} Christer Sjosten	SWE}} Borje Flingberg
7 May	SWE}}Malilla	SWE}} Tommy Nilsson	SWE}} Soren Karlsson	SWE}} Stefan Salomonsson
7 May	SWE}}Visby	SWE}} Jan Andersson	SWE}} Conny Samuelsson	SWE}} Soren Sjosten
Final
30 May	SWE}}Kumla	SWE}} Anders Michanek	SWE}} Jan Andersson	SWE}} Bernt Persson

Swedish Final

May 30, 1978
{{flagicon|SWE}} Kumla
First 7 to Scandinavian Final + 1 reserve

Pos.	Rider	Total
1	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Anders Michanek	14
2	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Jan Andersson	14
3	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Bernt Persson	11
4	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Tommy Nilsson	11
5	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Lars Ericsson	10
6	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Soren Karlsson	10
7	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Christer Sjosten	10
8	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Bo Wirebrand	8
9	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Bengt Jansson	6
10	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Stefan Salomonsson	6
11	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Hasse Holmqvist	5
12	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Conny Samuelsson	5
13	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Borje Klingberg	4
14	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Gert Carlsson	3
15	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Tommy Pettersson	1
16	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Soren Sjosten	1
17	{{flagicon\|SWE}} Lars-Åke Andersson	1

New Zealand Final

February 11, 1978
{{flagicon|NZL}} Wellington
Marked in green, to Austral-Asian Final

Pos.	Rider	Heat Scores	Total
1	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Larry Ross	3,3,3,3,3	15
2	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Barry Briggs	2,3,3,2,2	12
3	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Mike Fullerton	1,3,2,3,3	12
4	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Mitch Shirra	3,2,E,3,3	11
5	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Roger Wright	2,3,3,1,2	11
6	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Colin Tucker	3,2,2,2,2	11
7	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Colin Farquharson	1,1,3,2,3	10
8	{{flagicon\|NZL}} James Moore	3,1,0,0,2	6
9	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Allan Brown	0,0,2,3,1	6
10	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Greg Joynt	1,2,2,0,0	5
11	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Paul Fewinks	2,2,0,1,F	5
12	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Max Brown	F,0,1,2,1	4
13	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Gavin Miller	2,1,1,0,0	4
14	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Cliff Anderson	0,0,1,1,1	3
15	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Patrick Pawson	1,E,1,1,0	3
16	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Kris Berrigan	0,1,0,0,1	2
R1	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Robin Adlington

Intercontinental Round

Date	Venue	Winner	Runner-up	3rd place
American Final
29 December 1977	USA}}Santa Ana	?	?	?
Australasian Final
18 February	NZL}}Aucland	NZL}} Mitch Shirra	AUS}} Mick McKeon	AUS}} John Titman
Danish Final
15 May	DEN}}Fjelsted	DEN}} Bent Rasmussen	DEN}} Kristian Praestbro	DEN}} Hans Nielsen
Scandinavian Final
8 June	SWE}}Norrköping	DEN}} Ole Olsen	SWE}} Bernt Persson	DEN}} Finn Thomsen
Intercontinental Final
2 July	DEN}}Fredericia	DEN}} Ole Olsen	NZL}} Ivan Mauger	USA}} Scott Autrey

Australasian Final

February 12, 1978
{{flagicon|NZL}} Auckland
First 4 to Intercontinental Final

Pos.	Rider	Heat Scores	Total
1	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Mitch Shirra	2,2,3,3,3	13
2	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Mick McKeon	3,3,2.5,2,1	11.5
3	{{flagicon\|AUS}} John Titman	2,3,T,3,3	11
4	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Mike Farrell	3,1,1,3,3	11
5	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Mike Fullerton	1,3,3,1,2	10
6	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Phil Herne	1,2,2,3,2	10
7	{{flagicon\|AUS}} John Boulger	3,3,2,T,1	9
8	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Billy Sanders	3,T,3,F,3	9
9	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Colin Farquharson	0,2,2,2,2	8
10	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Roger Wright	1,1,2.5,1,1	6.5
11	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Robert Maxfield	1,1,1,2,1	6
12	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Larry Ross	2,E,E,2,2	6
13	{{flagicon\|NZL}} James Moore	2,1,1,1,0	5
14	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Colin Tucker	0,2,1,0,0	3
15	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Allan Brown	0,0,0,0,0	0
16	{{flagicon\|AUS}} Lloyd Cross	F,-,-,-,-	0
R1	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Greg Joynt	0,0,1,T	1
R2	{{flagicon\|NZL}} Cliff Anderson	0,0,0	0

Danish Final

May 15, 1978
{{flagicon|DEN}} Fjelsted
First 2 to Scandinavian Final

Pos.	Rider	Heat Scores
1	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Bent Rasmussen	13+3
2	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Kristian Praestbro	13+2
3	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Hans Nielsen	12+3
4	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Michael Lohmann	12+2
5	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Alf Busk	12+1
6	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Bo Petersen	10
7	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Finn Rune Jensen	9
8	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Knud Ellegaard	8
9	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Klaus Lohmann	6
10	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Kurt Bogh	4
11	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Steen Mastrup	4
12	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Arne Kruse	4
13	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Erling Rasmussen	3
14	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Gunnar Svensen	3
15	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Bent Horregaard	3
16	{{flagicon\|DEN}} Jens Kjaer	2

Scandinavian Final

June 8, 1978
{{flagicon|SWE}} Norrköping
First 9 to Intercontnental Final

{{Speedway event 20heats|x|RIDERS={{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P1|2|DEN|Ole Olsen| |3|3|3|3|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P2|7|SWE|Bernt Persson| |3|3|3|3|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P3|9|DEN|Finn Thomsen| |2|2|3|3|1| |x|3 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|4|15|FIN|Kai Niemi| |3|2|2|1|3| |x|2 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|5|4|FIN|Ila Teromaa| |2|3|2|2|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|6|8|SWE|Tommy Nilsson| |2|2|2|2|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|7|13|DEN|Kristian Praestbro| |1|3|1|1|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|8|16|SWE|Anders Michanek| |2|1|2|3|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|9|3|SWE|Jan Andersson| |1|0|1|2|2| |x|3 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|10|6|NOR|Tom Godal| |1|1|3|0|1| |x|2 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|11|11|SWE|Soren Karlsson| |3|1|0|0|2| |x|1 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|12|14|DEN|Bent Rasmussen| |0|0|0|2|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|13|10|SWE|Christer Sjosten| |0|2|0|1|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|14|1|SWE|Lars Ericsson| |0|1|1|1|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|15|5|NOR|Audun Ove Olsen| |0|0|1|0|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|16|12|NOR|Stein Roar Pedersen| |1|0|0|0|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R1|R1|SWE|Bo Wirebrand| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R2|R2|SWE|Runo Wedin| }}
}}

Intercontinental Final

July 2, 1978
{{flagicon|DEN}} Fredericia
First 7 to World Final + 1 reserve

{{Speedway event 20heats|x|RIDERS={{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P1|3|DEN|Ole Olsen| |2|3|2|3|3| |x|3 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P2|11|NZL|Ivan Mauger| |3|2|2|3|3| |x|2 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P3|1|USA|Scott Autrey| |3||3|2|3| |x|3 |5i=X }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|4|16|FIN|Ila Teromaa| |3|3|1|1|3| |x|2 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|5|13|SWE|Jan Andersson| |2|2|3|2|2| |x|1 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|6|9|SWE|Anders Michanek| |2|1|3|3|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|7|5|AUS|John Titman| |2|3|1|2|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|8|6|SWE|Bernt Persson| |3|3|0|2|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|9|2|FIN|Kai Niemi| |1|2|2|1|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|10|12|USA|Steve Gresham| ||1|3|3|| |x| |3i=X |19i=X }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|11|4|DEN|Finn Thomsen| |0|2|2||1| |x| |16i=E }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|12|15|AUS|Mike Farrell| |1|1|0|1|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|13|10|AUS|Mick McKeon| |1|1|1|0|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|14|8|DEN|Kristian Praestbro| |0|0|1|0|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|15|7|NZL|Mitch Shirra| |1||||| |x| |7i=F |12i=- |13i=- |18i=- }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|16|14|SWE|Tommy Nilsson| |0|0|0|1|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R1|R1|DEN|Bert Rasmussen| |5h=b |5p=0 |13h=r |13p=0 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R2|R2|DEN|Tom Jenssen| |12h=y |12p=0 |18h=w |18p=0 }}
}}

Continental Round

Date	Venue	Winner	Runner-up	3rd place
Preliminary Round
22 April	CSK}}Slany	POL}} Boleslaw Proch	POL}} Jerzy Kochman	NED}} Rudi Muts
23 April	YUG}}Maribor	CSK}} Jan Hadek	ITA}} Sandro Pastoreli	BUL}} Angel Jeftimov
Quarter-Finals
7 May	ITA}}Varese	FRG}} Egon Muller	USSR}} Grigory Klinovsky	POL}} Jerzy Rembas
7 May	HUN}}Miskolc	USSR}} Michail Starostin	POL}} Andrzej Huszcza	CSK}} Václav Verner
7 May	FRG}}Krumbach	FRG}} Georg Hack	CSK}} Ales Dryml, Sr	USSR}} Nikolay Kornev
7 May	POL}}Częstochowa	POL}} Marek Cieślak	CSK}} Jiří Štancl	CSK}} Zdeněk Kudrna
Semi-Finals
28 May	DDR}}Norden	FRG}} Alois Wiesbock	FRG}} Egon Muller	POL}} Ryszard Fabiszewski
28 May	FRG}}Pocking	FRG}} Hans Wasserman	CSK}} Jiří Štancl	POL}} Marek Cieślak
Final
2 July	CSK}}Prague	FRG}} Hans Wasserman	CSK}} Jiří Štancl	POL}} Marek Cieślak

Continental Final

July 2, 1978
{{flagicon|CSK}} Prague
First 6 to World Final plus 1 reserve

{{Speedway event 20heats|x|RIDERS={{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P1|5|FRG|Hans Wasserman| |3|2|3|3|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P2|9|CSK|Jiří Štancl| |3|3|3|3|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P3|11|POL|Marek Cieślak| |1|3|3|3|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|4|16|CSK|Petr Ondrašík| |3|2|1|2|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|5|1|CSK|Jan Verner| |3|1|2|2|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|6|7|POL|Jerzy Rembas| |2|0|3|3|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|7|8|CSK|Zdeněk Kudrna| |1|3|2|1|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|8|2|POL|Boleslaw Proch| |2|2|2|2|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|9|14|FRG|Alois Wiesbock| |2|3||1|0| |x| |11i=F }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|10|4|ITA|Francesco Biginato| |1|1|0|2|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|11|10|HUN|Janosz Sziracky| |0|1|2|1|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|12|13|USSR|Nikolay Kornev| |1|0|1|0|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|13|6|CSK|Emil Sova| |0|0|0|1|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|14|3|POL|Ryszard Fabiszewski| |0|2|1|0|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|15|12|FRG|Egon Muller| |2|0|||| |x| |10i=E |13i=E |19i=- }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|16|15|POL|Piotr Pyszny| ||1|1|0|0| |x| |4i=X }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R1|R1|POL|Boguslaw Nowak| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R2|R2|FRG|Georg Hack| }}
}}

World Final

2 September 1978
{{flagicon|GBR}} London, Wembley Stadium^[1]

{{Speedway event 20heats|x|RIDERS={{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P1|15|DEN|Ole Olsen| |3|2|2|3|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P2|13|GBR|Gordon Kennett| |2|3|2|2|3| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|P3|2|USA|Scott Autrey| |3|2|1|3|2| |x|3 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|4|12|GBR|Dave Jessup| ||3|3|3|2| |x|2 |3i=E }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|5|9|POL|Jerzy Rembas| |3|1|3|1|3| |x|1 }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|6|1|GBR|Malcolm Simmons| |2|2|2|2|2| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|7|6|GBR|Michael Lee| |3|1|3|2|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|8|14|NZL|Ivan Mauger| ||3|2|0|3| |x| |4i=F }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|9|16|AUS|John Titman| |1|2||3|1| |x| |9i=F }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|10|3|SWE|Anders Michanek| |1|3|0|2|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|11|4|FIN|Ila Teromaa| |0|1|3||2| |x| |16i=F }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|12|11|CSK|Jan Verner| |2|1|1|0|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|13|8|POL|Marek Cieślak| |2|0|1|1|1| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|14|10|SWE|Jan Andersson| |1|0|1|1|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|15|7|CSK|Jiří Štancl| |1|0|0|1|0| |x| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/rider|16|5|CSK|Petr Ondrašík| ||0|0|0|0| |x| |2i=F }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R1|R1|ENG|Steve Bastable| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R2|R2|SWE|Bernt Persson| }}{{Speedway event 20heats/reserve|R3|R3|CSK|Zdeněk Kudrna| }}
}}

References

1. ^Bamford, R. & Shailes, G. (2002). A History of the World Speedway Championship. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7524-2402-5}}

5 : Individual Speedway World Championship|1978 in speedway|1978 in London|1978 in British motorsport|Speedway competitions in the United Kingdom

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