“Geminiviridae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses. There are currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.^[1]^[2] Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.^[2]^[3] They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.

Mastrevirus and curtovirus transmission is via various leafhopper species (e.g. maize streak virus and other African streak viruses are transmitted by Cicadulina mbila), the only known topocuvirus species, Tomato pseudo-curly top virus, is transmitted by the treehopper Micrutalis malleifera, and begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci.

These viruses are responsible for a significant amount of crop damage worldwide. Epidemics of geminivirus diseases have arisen due to a number of factors, including the recombination of different geminiviruses coinfecting a plant, which enables novel, possibly virulent viruses to be developed. Other contributing factors include the transport of infected plant material to new locations, expansion of agriculture into new growing areas, and the expansion and migration of vectors that can spread the virus from one plant to another.^[4]

Virology

The genome can either be a single component between 2500–3100 nucleotides, or, in the case of some begomoviruses, two similar-sized components each between 2600 and 2800 nucleotides. They have elongated, geminate capsids with two incomplete T=1 icosahedra joined at the missing vertex. The capsids range in size from 18–20 nm in diameter with a length of about 30 nm. Begomoviruses with two component (i.e. bipartite) genomes have these components separated into two different particles both of which must usually be transmitted together to initiate a new infection within a suitable host cell.

Genus

Type Species

Structure

Symmetry

Capsid

Genomic arrangement

Genomic segmentation

Becurtovirus

Beet curly top Iran virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Begomovirus

Bean golden yellow mosaic virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Segmented

Capulavirus^[5]

Euphorbia caput-medusae latent virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Curtovirus

Beet curly top virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Eragrovirus

Eragrostis curvula streak virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Grablovirus^[6]

Grapevine red blotch virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Mastrevirus

Maize streak virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Topocuvirus

Tomato pseudo-curly top virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Turncurtovirus

Turnip curly top virus

Twinned Icosahedral

Incomplete T = 1

Non-enveloped

Circular

Monopartite

Taxonomy

Several additional genera have been proposed: Baminivirus, Nimivirus and Niminivirus.^[7]

Replication

Geminivirus genomes encode only a few proteins; thus, they are dependent on host cell factors for replication: these include factors such as DNA polymerase—and probably repair polymerases—in order to amplify their genomes, as well as transcription factors. Geminiviruses replicate via a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids. Replication occurs within the nucleus of an infected plant cell. First the single-stranded circular DNA is converted to a double-stranded circular intermediate. This step involves the use of cellular DNA repair enzymes to produce a complementary negative-sense strand, using the viral genomic or plus-sense DNA strand as a template. The next step is the rolling circle phase, where the viral strand is cleaved at a specific site situated within the origin of replication by the viral Rep protein in order to initiate replication.^[8] This process in a eukaryotic nucleus can give rise to concatemeric double-stranded forms of replicative intermediate genomes, although double-stranded unit circles can be isolated from infected plants and cells. New single-stranded DNA forms of the virus genome (plus-sense) are probably formed by interaction of the coat protein with replicating DNA intermediates, as genomes lacking a CP gene do not form ssDNA. The ssDNA is packaged into germinate particles in the nucleus. It is not clear if these particles can then leave the nucleus and be transmitted to surrounding cells as virions, or whether ssDNA associated with coat protein and a movement protein is the form of the genome that gets trafficked from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata.^[9]

These viruses tend to be introduced into and initially infect differentiated plant cells, via the piercing mouthparts of the vector insect: however, these cells generally lack the host enzymes necessary for DNA replication, making it difficult for the virus to replicate. To overcome this block geminiviruses can induce plant cells to reenter the cell cycle from a quiescent state so that viral replication can occur.^[10]

Genus

Host details

Tissue tropism

Entry details

Release details

Replication site

Assembly site

Transmission

Becurtovirus

Spinach

Phloem; sieve; phloem-limited

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Viral movement; contact

Begomovirus

Dicotyledonous plants

Phloem; sieve; phloem-limited

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Bemisia tabaci whiteflies

[https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/ssdna-viruses/w/geminiviridae/579/genus-capulavirus Capulavirus]

Dicotyledonous plants

None

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Aphid

Curtovirus

Dicotyledonous plants

Phloem-limited

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Beet leefhopper

Eragrovirus

Plants

None

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Treehopper; leafhopper

[https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/ssdna-viruses/w/geminiviridae/580/genus-grablovirus Grablovirus]

Vitis vinifera (grapevine)

None

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Treehopper

Mastrevirus

Monocots^[11]

None

Viral movement; mechanical inoculation

Budding

Nucleus

Leafhopper

Topocuvirus

Dicotyledonous plants

None

Cell receptor endocytosis

Budding

Nucleus

Leafhopper

Turncurtovirus

Turnip

None

Cell receptor endocytosis

Budding

Nucleus

Leafhopper

Evolution

These viruses may have evolved from a phytoplasma plasmid.^[12] Geminiviruses are capable of horizontal gene transfer of genetic information to the plant host.^[13]

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Zerbini|first1=FM|last2=Briddon|first2=RW|last3=Idris|first3=A|last4=Martin|first4=DP|last5=Moriones|first5=E|last6=Navas-Castillo|first6=J|last7=Rivera-Bustamante|first7=R|last8=Roumagnac|first8=P|last9=Varsani|first9=A|last10=ICTV Report Consortium|title=ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Geminiviridae.|journal=The Journal of General Virology|date=February 2017|volume=98|issue=2|pages=131–133|pmid=28284245|doi=10.1099/jgv.0.000738}}
2. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Geminiviridae|url=http://www.ictv.global/report/geminiviridae|website=ICTV Online (10th) Report|language=en}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/109.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}
4. ^{{cite journal | author=Gray and Banerjee | title=Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses | journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev | year=1999 | pages=128–148 | volume=63 | issue=1 | pmid=10066833 | format= | last2=Banerjee | first2=N | pmc=98959}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/ssdna-viruses/w/geminiviridae/579/genus-capulavirus|title=Genus: Capulavirus - Geminiviridae - ssDNA Viruses - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|access-date=2017-08-18}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/ssdna-viruses/w/geminiviridae/580/genus-grablovirus|title=Genus: Grablovirus - Geminiviridae - ssDNA Viruses - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|access-date=2017-08-18}}
7. ^Ng TF, Marine R, Wang C, Simmonds P, Kapusinszky B, Bodhidatta L, Oderinde BS, Wommack KE, Delwart E (2012) High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage. J Virol
8. ^{{cite journal | author=Chasan R | title=Geminiviruses: A Twin Approach to Replication | journal=Plant Cell | year=1995 | pages=659–661 | volume=7 | issue=6 | id= | format= | doi=10.1105/tpc.7.6.659 | url=http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/6/659.pdf| pmc=1464598}}
9. ^{{cite journal | author=Gutierrez C | title=NEW EMBO MEMBERS' REVIEW: DNA replication and cell cycle in plants: learning from geminiviruses | journal=The EMBO Journal | year=2000 | pages=792–799 | volume=19 | issue=5 | pmid=10698921 | format= | doi=10.1093/emboj/19.5.792 | pmc=305619}}
10. ^Hanley Bowdoin lab {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211062057/http://biochem.ncsu.edu/faculty/hanley-bowdoin/Pages/hostinteractions.html |date=11 February 2007 }}
11. ^http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/110.html
12. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Krupovic M, Ravantti JJ, Bamford DH |title=Geminiviruses: a tale of a plasmid becoming a virus|journal=BMC Evol Biol|year=2009|volume=9|pages=112|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-112|pmid=19460138|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-9-112.pdf|pmc=2702318}}
13. ^{{cite journal |author1=Bejarano E.R. |author2=Khashoggi A.M. |author3=Witty M. |author4=Lichtenstein C.P. | year = 1994 | title = Discovery of ancient recombination between geminiviral DNA and the nuclear genome of Nicotiana sp | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.2.759 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 93 | issue = | pages = 759–764 |pmc=40128 }}

Virology

Taxonomy

Replication

Evolution

References

External links