“1996 Western North America blackouts”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1996 Western North America blackouts were two widespread power outages that occurred across Western Canada, the Western United States, and Northwest Mexico on July 2 and August 10, 1996. They were spread 6 weeks apart and were thought to be similarly caused by excess demand during a hot summer.

Though affecting millions, the blackouts were for the most part just an inconvenience, and not emergencies. On both occasions planes continued to take-off and land, and power was restored within a few minutes or hours.

The blackouts raised concerns about the then-recent debates about deregulating electricity utilities.^[1]

July 2 blackout

On July 2, 1996, a voltage instability resulted from the loss of steady state equilibrium conditions, caused by reactive power deficiency in the Idaho area.^[2] The power failure affected parts of Alberta and British Columbia in Canada, western Mexico, as well as Idaho, Montana, Utah, New Mexico, California, and Arizona, affecting more than two million people.^[3]

President Bill Clinton directed the United States Department of Energy to investigate the reasons for the widespread power outage and whether it could have been prevented.

August 10 blackout

On August 10, 1996, the western electric grid experienced another massive blackout.^[4]

This power outage affected customers in seven western U.S. states, two Canadian provinces, and Baja California, Mexico. Approximately 7.5 million customers lost power for periods ranging from several minutes to six hours. The outage stretched from Canada to New Mexico and knocked out power to 4 million customers amid a triple-digit heat wave.

At 2:06 p.m., the Big Eddy-Ostrander line flashed and grounded to a tree. At 2:52 p.m., the John Day–Marion line (also owned by BPA) flashed to a tree; due to a circuit breaker being out of service, this also took the Marion–Lane line out of operation. At 3:42 p.m., the Keeler–Allston line arced and grounded to a tree near Hillsboro, Oregon, just southwest of Portland. It was the fourth power line in Oregon to fail in less than two hours. Five minutes later, at 3:47 p.m., the 230 kV Ross–Lexington line (also owned by Bonneville Power Administration) flashed and grounded to a tree near Vancouver, Washington, across the Columbia River from the Portland/Hillsboro area. This started a small fire. One minute later, at 3:48 p.m., the 13 turbines at McNary Dam, on the Columbia about 190 miles upstream from Portland, tripped off line.^[5]

Within a few seconds, several dozen lines had opened across the Interconnection, and more than a dozen generating units went offline, leaving Oregon disconnected from California and Northern California disconnected from Southern California. High load and demand coupled with inadequate tree-trimming practices, improper system operation, and out of service equipment, contributed to the severity of the disturbance.^[6]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/19/us/blackout-may-be-caution-sign-on-road-to-utility-deregulation.html|title=May Be Caution Sign on Road to Utility Deregulation|accessdate=2009-04-07 | work=The New York Times | first=Tim | last=Golden | date=1996-08-19}}
2. ^{{cite conference |last = Venkatasubramanian |first = Vaithianathan |last2 = Yuan |first2 = Li |date = August 22–27, 2004 |title = Analysis of 1996 Western American Electric Blackouts |url = http://areeweb.polito.it/eventi/irep2004/Session%20D3/D3_6.pdf |conference = Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VI |pages = 685–721 |location = Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy |accessdate = 2014-01-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175129/http://areeweb.polito.it/eventi/irep2004/Session%20D3/D3_6.pdf |archive-date = 2014-02-01 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/us/freakish-blackout-in-the-west-affects-more-than-a-million.html|title=Freakish Blackout in the West Affects More Than a Million|accessdate=2009-04-07 | work=The New York Times | first=Carey | last=Goldberg | date=1996-07-03}}
4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/documents/publications/special_interest_publications/grid_reliability/Venkatasubramanian_Investigation_PSERC_Aug_2003.pdf|title=Analyzing Blackout Events: Experience from the Major Western Blackouts in 1996 |last1=Venkatasubramanian |first1=Mani V. |date=2003-08-20 |publisher=Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) |accessdate=2014-01-26}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/Blackout.asp|title=Blackout of 1996 |first=John |last=Harrison |date=2008-10-31 |publisher=Northwest Power and Conservation Council|accessdate=2014-01-26}}
6. ^{{Cite report |date=August 2002 | title = 1996 System Disturbances | url = http://www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/ea/System%20Disturbance%20Reports%20DL/1996SystemDisturbance.pdf | publisher = Northwest Power and Conservation Council | pages = 46-48 | accessdate = 2014-01-26}}