| 词条 | Geneva Bible | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| full_name= Geneva Bible | image = GenevaBible.JPG | caption = Geneva Bible 1560 edition | other_names= | abbreviation=GEN | NT_published=1557 | OT_published= | complete_bible_published=1560 | author_info= | textual_basis = Textus Receptus | translation_type = | version_revised= | publisher= | copyright= | copies_printed= | religious_affiliation= Protestant | online_address= | genesis_1:1-3=In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without forme and voyde, and darkeness was upon the depe, and the Spirit of God moved upon the waters. Then God said, "Let there be light" and there was light. | john_3:16=For God so loved the world, that he hath given his only be gotten Son, that whosoever beleveth in him, should not perish, but have everlasting life. |}}{{BibleHistory}} The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible into English, preceding the King James Version by 51 years.[1] It was the primary Bible of 16th-century English Protestantism and was used by William Shakespeare,[2] Oliver Cromwell, John Knox, John Donne, and John Bunyan, author of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678).[3] It was one of the Bibles taken to America on the Mayflower (Pilgrim Hall Museum has collected several Bibles of Mayflower passengers). The Geneva Bible was used by many English Dissenters, and it was still respected by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers at the time of the English Civil War, in the booklet "Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible".[4] This version of the Bible is significant because, for the very first time, a mechanically printed, mass-produced Bible was made available directly to the general public which came with a variety of scriptural study guides and aids (collectively called an apparatus), which included verse citations that allow the reader to cross-reference one verse with numerous relevant verses in the rest of the Bible, introductions to each book of the Bible that acted to summarize all of the material that each book would cover, maps, tables, woodcut illustrations and indices. Because the language of the Geneva Bible was more forceful and vigorous, most readers strongly preferred this version to the Great Bible. In the words of Cleland Boyd McAfee, "it drove the Great Bible off the field by sheer power of excellence".[5] HistoryThe Geneva Bible followed the Great Bible of 1539, the first authorised Bible in English, which was the authorized Bible of the Church of England. During the reign of Queen Mary I of England (1553–58), a number of Protestant scholars fled from England to Geneva, Switzerland, which was then ruled as a republic in which John Calvin and, later, Theodore Beza, provided the primary spiritual and theological leadership. Among these scholars was William Whittingham, who supervised the translation now known as the Geneva Bible, in collaboration with Myles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson, and William Cole; several of this group later became prominent figures in the Vestments controversy. Whittingham was directly responsible for the New Testament, which was complete and published in 1557,[6] while Gilby oversaw the Old Testament. The first full edition of this Bible, with a further revised New Testament, appeared in 1560,[6] but it was not printed in England until 1575 (New Testament[6]) and 1576 (complete Bible[6]). Over 150 editions were issued; the last probably in 1644.[6] The very first Bible printed in Scotland was a Geneva Bible, which was first issued in 1579.[6] In fact, the involvement of Knox and Calvin in the creation of the Geneva Bible made it especially appealing in Scotland, where a law was passed in 1579 requiring every household of sufficient means to buy a copy.[7] Some editions from 1576 onwards[6] included Laurence Tomson's revisions of the New Testament. Some editions from 1599 onwards[6] used a new "Junius" version of the Book of Revelation, in which the notes were translated from a new Latin commentary by Franciscus Junius. The annotations which are an important part of the Geneva Bible were Calvinist and Puritan in character, and as such they were disliked by the ruling pro-government Anglicans of the Church of England, as well as King James I, who commissioned the "Authorized Version", or King James Bible, in order to replace it. The Geneva Bible had also motivated the earlier production of the Bishops' Bible under Elizabeth I, for the same reason, and the later Rheims-Douai edition by the Catholic community. The Geneva Bible remained popular among Puritans and remained in widespread use until after the English Civil War. The Geneva notes were surprisingly included in a few editions of the King James version, even as late as 1715.[6] {{Calvinism}}TranslationLike most English translations of the time, the Geneva Bible was translated from scholarly editions of the Greek New Testament and the Hebrew Scriptures that comprise the Old Testament. The English rendering was substantially based on the earlier translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale (the Genevan Bible relies significantly upon Tyndale).[8] However, the Geneva Bible was the first English version in which all of the Old Testament was translated directly from the Hebrew (cf. Coverdale Bible, Matthew Bible). FormatThe Geneva Bible was the first English Bible to use verse numbers based on the work of Stephanus (Robert Estienne of Paris, by this point living in Geneva). It also had an elaborate system of commentary in marginal glosses. This annotation was done by Laurence Tomson, who translated (for the 1560 Geneva Bible) L'Oiseleur's notes on the Gospels, which themselves came from Camerarius. In 1576 Tomson added L'Oiseleur's notes for the Epistles, which came from Beza's Greek and Latin edition of the Bible (1565 and later). Beginning in 1599 Franciscus Junius' notes on Revelation were added, replacing the original notes deriving from John Bale and Heinrich Bullinger. Bale's The Image of both churches had a great effect on these notes as well as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Both the Junius and Bullinger-Bale annotations are explicitly anti-Roman Catholic and representative of much popular Protestant apocalypticism during the Reformation. The 1560 Geneva Bible was printed in Roman type—the style of type regularly used today—but many editions used the older black-letter ("Gothic") type. Of the various later English Bible translations, the next to use Roman type was the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582 (New Testament) and 1609–10 (Old Testament). The Geneva Bible was also issued in more convenient and affordable sizes than earlier versions. The 1560 Bible was in quarto format (218 × 139 mm type area), but pocketable octavo editions were also issued, and a few large folio editions. The New Testament was issued at various times in sizes from quarto down to 32º (the smallest, 70×39 mm type area[6]). In the late 16th century it is likely that the Geneva New Testament cost less than a week's wages even for the lowest-paid labourers. The 1560 Geneva Bible contained a number of study aids, including woodcut illustrations, maps and explanatory 'tables', i.e. indexes of names and topics, in addition to the famous marginal notes. Each book was preceded by an 'argument' or introduction, and each chapter by a list of contents giving verse numbers. Smaller-format editions might be unillustrated and lack the marginal notes, but some large folio editions had additional illustrations, such as one showing Adam and Eve, where Adam wears a typical Elizabethan beard and moustache. Breeches BibleOne interesting variation of the Geneva Bible is the so-called "Breeches Bible", the first of which appeared in 1579. In the Breeches Bible, Genesis Chapter III Verse 7 reads: "Then the eies of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches." In the King James Version of 1611, "breeches" was changed to "aprons". Geneva Bibles with the "breeches" passage continued to be printed well into the time of the King James Bible of 1611. Modern spelling version of the 1599 Geneva BibleIn 2006, Tolle Lege Press released a version of the 1599 Geneva Bible with modernised spelling, as part of their 1599 Geneva Bible restoration project.[9] The original cross references were retained as well as the study notes by the Protestant Reformation leaders.[9] In addition, the Early Modern English glossary was included in the updated version.[9] The advisory board of the restoration project included several Protestant Christian leaders and scholars.[9] This can also be found on BibleGateway.com.[10] Geneva Bible v. King James Version sample comparisonsTo compare the Geneva Bible with the King James, here is {{bibleref|Revelation|6:12–17}} in both versions (with spelling modernized). The differences have been italicized (in both extracts): {{col-begin}}{{col-2}}Geneva BibleAnd I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and lo, there was a great earthquake, and the sun was as black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon was like blood. And the stars of heaven fell unto the earth, as a fig tree casteth her green figs, when it is shaken of a mighty wind. And heaven departed away, as a scroll, when it is rolled, and every mountain and isle were moved out of their places. And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in dens, and among the rocks of the mountains, and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the presence of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb. For the great day of his wrath is come, and who can stand?{{col-2}}King James Bible And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; and the stars of heaven fell unto the earth, even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and every mountain and island was moved out of their places. And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains; and said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb; for the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand?{{col-end}} Here are both the Geneva and the King James versions of {{bibleref|Genesis|3:7}} with spellings as in their originals (not modernized): {{col-begin}}{{col-2}}Geneva BibleThen the eies of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches.{{col-2}}King James Bible Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge tree leaves together, and made themselves aprons.{{col-end}} The two versions are very similar to each other. Examination of the differences shows that the earlier Geneva version is often more direct and modern in style than the later King James, e.g. “and the moon was like blood” (Geneva) versus “and the moon became as blood” (King James) “as a fig tree casteth her green figs” (Geneva) versus “even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs” (King James) By and large, the difference is that the KJV lacked footnotes that the Geneva Bible contained. The KJV does use the serial comma. As can be seen by the text below, Daniel chapter 4 in the Geneva Bible appears to have removed two verses. In reality, the Geneva Bible places those two verses at the end of chapter 3, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions all did. It wasn't until the King James Version that those verses were placed with chapter 4 as opposed to chapter 3:
King James I and the Geneva BibleIn 1604, the year after he claimed the throne of England in 1603, King James I hosted and presided over a conference pertaining to matters religious, the Hampton Court Conference. While the Geneva Bible was the preferred Bible of Anglican and Puritan Protestants during the Elizabethan Age, King James I disliked the Geneva Bible and made his views clearly known at the conference: "I think that of all [English Bibles], that of Geneva is the worst." Apparently, his distaste for the Geneva Bible was not necessarily caused just by the translation of the text into English, but mostly the annotations in the margins. He felt strongly many of the annotations were "very partial, untrue, seditious, and savoring too much of dangerous and traitorous conceits..." In all likelihood, he saw the Geneva's interpretations of biblical passages as anti-clerical "republicanism", which could imply church hierarchy was unnecessary. Other passages appeared particularly seditious: notably references to monarchs as "tyrants".[11] It followed that the need for a king as head of church and state could be questioned also. James had been dealing with similar issues with the Presbyterian-Calvinist religious leaders back in Scotland, and he wanted none of the same controversies in England. Also, if annotations were in print, readers might believe these interpretations correct and fixed, making it more difficult to change his subjects' minds about the meanings of particular passages. So when towards the end of the conference two Puritans suggested that a new translation of the Bible be produced to unify better the Anglican Church in England and Scotland, James embraced the idea. He could not only be rid of those inconvenient annotations, but he could have greater influence on the translation of the Bible as a whole. He commissioned and chartered a new translation of the Bible which would eventually become the most famous version of the Bible in the history of the English language. Originally known as the Authorized Version to be read in churches, the new Bible would come to bear his name as the so-called King James Bible or King James Version (KJV). The first and early editions of the King James Bible from 1611 and the first few decades thereafter lack annotations, unlike nearly all editions of the Geneva Bible up until that time.[12] Initially, the King James Version did not sell well and competed with the Geneva Bible. Shortly after the first edition of the KJV, King James banned the printing of new editions of the Geneva Bible to further entrench his version. However, Robert Barker continued to print Geneva Bibles even after the ban, placing the erroneous date 1599 on new copies of Genevas which were actually printed circa 1616 to 1625.[13] Despite popular misconception, the Puritan Separatists or Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620 brought to North America copies of the Geneva Bible.[14][15][16] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Metzger|first=Bruce|title=The Geneva Bible of 1560|journal=Theology Today|date=1 October 1960|volume=17|issue=3|pages=339|doi=10.1177/004057366001700308}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Ackroyd|first1=Peter|title=Shakespeare: The Biography|date=2006|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-1400075980|page=54|edition=First Anchor Books}} 3. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.genevabible.com/ | title = 1599 Geneva Bible}}. 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Metzger|first=Bruce|title=The Geneva Bible of 1560|journal=Theology Today|date=1 October 1960|volume=17|issue=3|pages=351|doi=10.1177/004057366001700308}} 5. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=39625&pageno=24 | title = Study of the King James Bible | first = Cleland Boyd | last = McAfee | publisher = Project Gutenberg}}. 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{Citation | first = AS | last = Herbert | title = Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible 1525–1961 | place = London, New York | publisher = British and Foreign Bible Society, American Bible Society | year = 1968 | id = SBN 564-00130-9}}. 7. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.bible-researcher.com/history2.html | title = A Chronology of the English Bible | publisher = Bible researcher}}. 8. ^Daniell, David (2003) The Bible in English: history and influence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press {{ISBN|0-300-09930-4}}, p. .300 and see the Wikipedia article for David Daniell 9. ^1 2 3 {{Citation | url = http://genevabible.com/restored.php | title = 1599 Geneva Bible | contribution = Restoration project}}. 10. ^https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/1599-Geneva-Bible-GNV/ 11. ^{{cite book| last1 = Ipgrave| first1 = Julia| author-link1 = | title = Adam in Seventeenth Century Political Writing in England and New England| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FCMlDwAAQBAJ| location = London| publisher = Taylor & Francis| publication-date = 2017| page = 14| isbn = 9781317185598| access-date = 2018-10-27| quote = The Geneva Bible encouraged a political reading of the Scriptures. It famously incorporated in its notes and its translation elements that were considered seditious by James I and that were deliberately excluded from the new Authorised Version of 1611. In particular there were margin notes that appeared to suggest the legitimacy of resistance to overweening rulers, and there was the frequent use of the language of tyrant (a word expressly disallowed in James' Bible) and slave.}} 12. ^http://founders.org/fj86/the-geneva-bible-and-its-influence-on-the-king-james-bible/#N_32_ 13. ^Nicolson, Adam. God's Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible (HarperCollins, 2003) 14. ^{{cite book| title = The Geneva Bible: A Facsimile of the 1560 Edition| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2DwA0f6cXgoC| others = Lloyd E. Berry| series = Hendrickson Bibles| publisher = Hendrickson Publishers| publication-date = 2007| isbn = 9781598562125| access-date = 2018-10-30| quote = The Pilgrims brought the Geneva Bible with them on the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620. In fact, the religious writings and sermons published by the members of the Plymouth colony suggest that the Geneva Bible was used exclusively by them.}} 15. ^{{cite journal| year = 2007| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X3cjAQAAMAAJ| journal = The Mayflower Quarterly| publisher = General Society of Mayflower Descendants| volume = 73| page = 29| access-date = 2018-10-30| quote = This Geneva Bible, one of the Mayflower's precious books, belonged to William Bradford.}} 16. ^{{cite book| last1 = Greider| first1 = John C.| orig-year = 2008| title = The English Bible Translations and History: Millennium Edition| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hbj5AAAAQBAJ| edition = revised| publisher = Xlibris Corporation| publication-date = 2013| page = | isbn = 9781477180518| access-date = 2018-10-30| quote = Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower [...] brought with them copies of the Geneva Bible of 1560; printed in Geneva by Roland Hall.}} External linksText
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