| 词条 | Genyornis |
| 释义 |
| name = Genyornis | fossil_range = Late Pleistocene | image = Genyornis BW.jpg | display_parents = 3 | genus = Genyornis | parent_authority = | species = newtoni | authority = Stirling & A. H. C. Zietz, 1896 }} Genyornis newtoni was a large, flightless bird that lived in Australia. Over two metres in height, they were likely either omnivorous or herbivorous. They became extinct 30±5 thousand years ago.[1] Many other species became extinct in Australia around that time, coinciding with the arrival of humans. Their closest living relatives are fowl. Two main theories propose a cause for megafauna extinction - human impact and climate change. A study has been performed in which more than 700 Genyornis eggshell fragments were dated.[2] Through this, it was determined that Genyornis declined and became extinct over a short period—too short for it to be plausibly explained by climate change. The authors considered this to be a very good indication that the entire mass extinction event in Australia was due to human activity, rather than climate change. A 2015 study collected egg shell fragments of Genyornis from around 200 sites that show burn marks.[3] Analysis of amino acids in the egg shells showed a thermal gradient consistent with the egg being placed on an ember fire. The egg shells were dated to between 53.9 and 43.4 thousand years before present, suggesting that humans were collecting and cooking Genyornis eggs in the thousands of years before their extinction. A later study, however, suggests that the eggs actually belonged to the giant malleefowl, a species of extinct megapode.[4][5] In May 2010, archaeologists announced the rediscovery of an Aboriginal rock art painting, possibly 40,000 years old, at the Nawarla Gabarnmung rock art site in the Northern Territory, that depicts two of the birds in detail.[6] Late survival of Genyornis in temperate south west Victoria has also recently been suggested, based on dateable Aboriginal traditions.[7] References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Field & Boles|first=J. H. & W.E.|date=1998|title=Genyornis newtoni and Dromaius novaehollandiae at 30,000 b.p. in central northern New South Wales|url=|journal=Alcheringa |volume=22 |pages=177–188|doi=10.1080/03115519808619199|pmid=|access-date=}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q132731}}2. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.283.5399.205| pmid = 9880249| title = Pleistocene Extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human Impact on Australian Megafauna| journal = Science| volume = 283| issue = 5399| pages = 205–208| date = 1999-01-08| last1 = Miller | first1 = G. H.| last2 = Magee| first2 = J. W.| last3 = Johnson| first3 = B. J.| last4 = Fogel| first4 = M. L.| last5 = Spooner| first5 = N. A.| last6 = McCulloch| first6 = M. T.| last7 = Ayliffe| first7 = L. K.}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gifford|last2=Magee|first2=John|last3=Smith|first3=Mike|last4=Spooner|first4=Nigel|last5=Baynes|first5=Alexander|last6=Lehman|first6=Scott|last7=Fogel|first7=Marilyn|last8=Johnston|first8=Harvey|last9=Williams|first9=Doug|last10=Clark|first10=Peter|last11=Florian|first11=Christopher|last12=Holst|first12=Richard|last13=DeVogel|first13=Stephen|title=Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni ∼47 ka|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|year=2016|pages=10496|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/ncomms10496|pmid=26823193|pmc=4740177}} 4. ^A case of mistaken identity for Australia's Extinct Big Bird 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Grellet-Tinner|first1=Gerald|last2=Spooner|first2=Nigel A.|last3=Worthy|first3=Trevor H.|title=Is the Genyornis egg of a mihirung or another extinct bird from the Australian dreamtime?|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=February 2016|volume=133|pages=147–164|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.011}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/31/2913350.htm |title=Megafauna cave painting could be 40,000 years old |publisher=www.abc.net.au |date=2010-05-31 |accessdate=2010-05-31}}; {{cite journal | last1 = Gunn | first1 = R. C. |display-authors=etal | year = 2011 | title = What bird is that? | url = | journal = Australian Archaeology | volume = 73 | issue = | pages = 1–12 }} 7. ^Rupert Gerritsen (2011) Beyond the Frontier: Explorations in Ethnohistory, Canberra: Batavia Online Publishing. pp.52-69 {{ISBN|978-0-9872141-4-0}} 5 : Dromornithidae|Quaternary birds of Australia|Extinct flightless birds|Bird genera|Pleistocene birds |
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