| 词条 | George Constantinescu |
| 释义 |
| name = George Constantinescu | image = RO034-16.jpg | imagesize = 240px | caption = Constantinescu on a 2016 Romanian stamp | birth_name = | birth_date = 4 October 1881 | birth_place = Craiova, Romania | death_date = 11 December 1965 (aged 84) | death_place = Oxen House, Coniston, United Kingdom | occupation = Inventor | education = | nationality = | spouse = (1) Alexandra Cocorescu (2) Eva Litton | religion = | partner = | children = Ian Constantinescu | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} George "Gogu" Constantinescu ({{IPA-ro|ˈd͡ʒe̯ord͡ʒe konstantiˈnesku|-|Ro-George Constantinescu.ogg}}, first name's diminutive is Gogu, last name also Constantinesco; 4 October 1881 – 11 December 1965) was a Romanian scientist, engineer and inventor. During his career, he registered over 130 inventions. He is the creator of the theory of sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics, in which he described the transmission of mechanical energy through vibrations. Born in Craiova in "the Doctor's House" near the Mihai Bravu Gardens, he was influenced by his father George, born in 1844 (a professor of mathematics and engineering science, specialized in mathematics at the Sorbonne University).[1] Gogu Constantinescu settled in the United Kingdom in 1912. He was an honorary member of the Romanian Academy. FamilyHe married Alexandra (Sandra) Cocorescu in Richmond, London, in December 1914. The couple moved to Wembley and, after their son Ian was born, they moved to Weybridge.[2] The marriage broke down in the 1920s and ended in divorce. He then married Eva Litton and the couple moved to Oxen House, beside Lake Coniston. Eva had two children, Richard and Michael, by a previous marriage.[3] Inventions and designsSynchronization gearHis hydraulic machine gun synchronization gear allowed airplane-mounted guns to shoot between the spinning blades of the propeller. The Constantinesco synchronization gear (or "CC" gear) was first used operationally on the D.H.4s of No. 55 squadron R.F.C. from March 1917, during World War I, and rapidly became standard equipment, replacing a variety of mechanical gears. It continued to be used by the Royal Air Force until World War II – the Gloster Gladiator being the last British fighter to be equipped with "CC" gear. SonicsIn 1918, he published the book A treatise on transmission of power by vibrations[4] in which he described his Theory of sonics. The theory is applicable to various systems of power transmission but has mostly been applied to hydraulic systems. Sonics differs from hydrostatics, being based on waves, rather than pressure, in the liquid. Constantinescu argued that, contrary to popular belief, liquids are compressible.[5] Transmission of power by waves in a liquid (e.g. water or oil) required a generator to produce the waves and a motor to use the waves to do work, either by percussion (as in rock drills) or by conversion to rotary motion.[2] Internal combustion enginesHe had several patents for improvements to carburetors, for example US1206512.[6] He also devised a hydraulic system (patent GB133719) for operating both the valves and the fuel injectors for diesel engines.[7] Torque converterHe invented a mechanical torque converter actuated by a pendulum.[8] This was applied to the Constantinesco, a French-manufactured car. It was also tried on rail vehicles. A 250 hp petrol engined locomotive with a Constantinescu torque converter was exhibited at the 1924 Wembley Exhibition. The system was not adopted on British railways but it was applied to some railcars on the Romanian State Railways.[3] OtherOther inventions included a "railway motor wagon". The latter ran on normal flanged steel wheels but the drive used a road vehicle powertrain with rubber tyres pressed against the rails. This is similar to the system used on many modern road-rail vehicles.[9] He also designed the Constanţa Mosque (a project completed by the architect Victor Ştefănescu). Recent developmentsResearch on a sonic asynchronous motor for vehicle applications (based on Constantinescu's work) has been done at the Transilvania University of Brașov. The date of the paper is believed to be 5 October 2010.[10] DeathHe died at Oxen House, beside Coniston Water on 11/12 December 1965,[11] and is buried in the churchyard at Lowick, Cumbria.[12] RecognitionThe Dimitrie Leonida Technical Museum in Bucharest has exhibits relating to George Constantinescu.[13] {{clear left}}References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const001.html |title=Early Days in Romania – the Conception of Sonics |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=20 March 2002 |accessdate=23 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020320151830/http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const001.html |archivedate=20 March 2002 }} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const002.html |title=England – Birth of Sonics |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=20 March 2002 |accessdate=24 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020320163410/http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const002.html |archivedate=20 March 2002 }} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const005.html |title=The Torque Converter |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=24 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104140156/http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const005.html |archivedate=4 November 2002 }} 4. ^Constantinesco, G. Theory of Sonics: A Treatise on Transmission of Power by Vibrations. The Admiralty, London, 1918. 5. ^See compressibility which lists compressibilities for water and some other liquids 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=1206512A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19161128&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_gb |title=Espacenet – Original document |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=28 November 1916 |accessdate=25 July 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=&CC=GB&NR=133719A&KC=A |title=Espacenet – Bibliographic data |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=21 March 1918 |accessdate=25 July 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web|author=Robert Nelson |url=http://www.rexresearch.com/constran/1constran.htm |title=George Constantinesco: Inertial Transmission (US Patent 1591471 etc) |publisher=Rexresearch.com |date= |accessdate=23 July 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=2016626A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19351008&DB=&locale=en_GB |title=Espacenet – Original document |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=8 October 1935 |accessdate=23 July 2014}} 10. ^Sebastian Radu et al. THE SONIC ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR VEHICLE APPLICATIONS. Transilvania University of Brasov 11. ^Records differ on exact date 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const007.html |title=Laboratory at Coniston |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=24 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030401084217/http://fluid.power.net/fpn/const/const007.html |archivedate=1 April 2003 }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cimec.ro/muzee/mteh/gogu_eng.htm |title=Sonicity |publisher=Cimec.ro |date= |accessdate=23 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727230826/http://www.cimec.ro/muzee/mteh/gogu_eng.htm |archivedate=27 July 2014 |df=dmy }} External links{{Commons category|George Constantinescu}}
12 : 1881 births|1965 deaths|Carol I National College alumni|People from Craiova|Titular members of the Romanian Academy|Romanian aerospace engineers|Romanian engineers|Romanian inventors|Romanian scientists|English people of Romanian descent|George Constantinescu|Fluid mechanics |
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