“2008 Florida Amendment 2”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Florida Amendment 2 is an amendment made to the Constitution of Florida in 2008. It added Article I, Section 27 to the constitution, which defines marriage as a union only between one man and one woman, and thus bans the creation of similar unions, such as civil unions or same-sex marriage.

Since 2014, the measure has been litigated in court and has been struck down by multiple state courts so far in several counties of southern Florida.

Same-sex marriage became legal in Florida when the decision in Brenner v. Scott found the amendments banning same-sex marriage, including Amendment 2, to be unconstitutional.^[1]^[2]

Text

Amendment 2 added Article I Section 27 of the Florida constitution. This states:

The initiative

The amendment was proposed by means of the initiative process, and went before the voters of Florida in a referendum held on November 4, 2008. Similar proposals were put to a vote at the same time in Arizona (Proposition 102) and California (Proposition 8).

Proposed constitutional amendments in Florida require 611,009 signatures, including at least 8% of voters in the last presidential election and at least 8% of voters in each congressional district of Florida. The initiative was certified with 649,346 signatures and was placed on the ballot on February 2008.^[4] 60% of voters were required to pass the amendment in Florida.

A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll on September 8, 2008 showed that 55% favored the proposed amendment, while 41% oppose it.^[5] "Florida and Arizona joined 27 other states that previously approved such amendments."^[6]

The amendment was ultimately passed by a margin of 61.9% in favor and 38.1% opposed.^[7] In the Florida 2008 election, Barack Obama voters as a whole voted 57% against Amendment 2 while John McCain voters voted 81% in favor of the legislation. Republican Governor Charlie Crist publicly supported Amendment 2.^[8]

Monroe County was the only county to have a majority of the voters reject the amendment by a margin of 1,580 votes.

Comparison to Proposition 8

A similar and more widely controversial ballot initiative in California, Proposition 8, was titled "ELIMINATES RIGHT OF SAME–SEX COUPLES TO MARRY. INITIATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT" and summarized accordingly. This description differed from the description of Florida's Amendment 2 in that it referred to a right being removed.^[10]

Another difference between Amendment 2 and Proposition 8 was that the latter did not render domestic partnerships unlawful in California,^[11] while the text of Amendment 2 made the recognition of civil unions—or other marriage-like relationships for same-sex couples—unlawful in Florida.^[12]

Effect of education

A study was done to see the effect of education on the votes.^[13] Controlling for other socioeconomic and political factors, for each additional 1 percent of a county's population with a bachelor of arts degree, the study concluded that there was nearly an equal 1 percent decrease in support for Amendment 2. By comparison, every 1 percent increase in a county's black population led to only two-tenths of a percentage point increase in support for Amendment 2. According to one of the study's authors, "Education is so important because it increases exposure to those who are different. Studies show very clearly that the more educated people are the more tolerant they are of differences."

2014 litigation

Since the beginning of 2014, several couples and plaintiffs have sued the state of Florida over the amendment, as part of a larger, concentrated effort by gay rights activists and groups encouraged by the federal Supreme Court's decisions regarding marriage made the previous year. Multiple state lawsuits against the amendment have already been successful so far, succeeding in the amendment being struck down successively in Monroe, Miami-Dade, and Broward counties. On August 5, 2014, a Palm Beach County judge issued a ruling in a case pertaining to a surviving spouse's rights in a specific estate case which resulted in the union of a widow and her deceased wife as the first ever same-sex marriage officially recognized in Florida.

Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, a Republican up for reelection in 2014 considered vulnerable due to association with Governor Rick Scott, has been a staunch defender of the amendment in court. Critics have pointed to her two previous divorces as a cause for hypocrisy when compared to her statements about the sanctity of marriage. Bondi has appealed all state court rulings thus far, which, as required by Florida law, automatically stays the rulings until the beginning of the appeal process.

The rulings against the amendment have been welcome by gay rights groups, the activist gay community in southern Florida, both Democratic gubernatorial candidates, and it appears a majority of Floridians, as at least one recent poll by the conservative-leaning firm Quinnipiac now shows that 56% of likely voters now favor marriage equality, a near-total reversal since 2008.

Concurrently with the lawsuits and rulings, a governor's race took place in 2014 and both leading candidates had completely opposite views on the issue of marriage. Incumbent Governor Rick Scott is opposed to marriage equality. Former governor and Democratic primary candidate Charlie Crist, who has changed parties since 2008, now supports same-sex marriage and ran on a platform that included giving same-sex couples the right to marry.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Sweeney |first1=Dan|title=Same-sex marriage ban struck down in Florida federal court|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/fl-gay-marriage-federal-court,0,191085.story |accessdate=August 21, 2014|work=Sun-Sentinel|date=August 21, 2014}}
2. ^{{cite news|last1=Snow |first1=Justin |title=Federal judge rules Florida same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/2014/08/federal-judge-rules-florida-same-sex-marriage-ban-unconstitutional/|accessdate=August 21, 2014|work=Metro Weekly|date=August 21, 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Initiative Information - Florida Marriage Protection Amendment|publisher=Florida Department of State, Division of Elections|date=February 6, 2005|url=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/initiatives/fulltext/pdf/41550-1.pdf|accessdate=2008-11-05}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20080202/NEWS/802020359|title=Gay marriage ban gets on ballots|date=2008-02-02|work=International Herald-Tribune|accessdate=2008-09-14}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297.xml?ReleaseID=1211|title=Voters Back Ban On Gay Marriage, But Short Of 60%|date=2008-09-08|work=Quinnipiac University|accessdate=2008-09-14}}
6. ^Gay-marriage bans pass in Florida, Arizona. Retrieved November 5, 2008
7. ^{{cite book|last=Brunn, eds.|first=Stanley D.|title=Atlas of the 2008 Elections|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ggy2mhqVGsC&pg=PA258|displayauthors=etal |isbn=9780742567962}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.floridablade.com/2008/11-13/view/columns/5264.cfm|accessdate=2008-11-25|title=Amendment 2 - Not A Black Thing}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/DetailRpt.Asp?ELECTIONDATE=11/4/2008&RACE=A02&PARTY=&DIST=&GRP=&DATAMODE= |title=November 4, 2008 General Election |publisher=Florida Division of Elections |accessdate=2015-01-16}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/title-sum/prop8-title-sum.htm |accessdate=2008-11-25 |title=Proposition 8 Title and Summary |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120002248/http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/title-sum/prop8-title-sum.htm |archivedate=November 20, 2008 }}
11. ^http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/11/06/18549382.php
12. ^{{cite web|title=Initiative Information - Florida Marriage Protection Amendment|publisher=Florida Department of State, Division of Elections|date=February 6, 2005|url=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/initiatives/fulltext/pdf/41550-1.pdf|accessdate=2008-11-05}}
13. ^{{cite web|title = Education played bigger role than race in approving gay marriage ban|url=http://news.ufl.edu/2009/09/01/education-played-bigger-role-than-race-in-approving-gay-marriage-ban/|accessdate = 2009-09-06}}