| 词条 | George Ellery Hale |
| 释义 |
|name = George Ellery Hale |image = Portrait of George Ellery Hale.jpg |caption = George Ellery Hale, c. 1913 |birth_date = {{Birth date|1868|06|29}} |birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, USA |death_date = {{Death date and age|1938|02|21|1868|06|29}} |death_place = Pasadena, California, USA |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Astronomy Astrophysics[1] |work_institutions = University of Chicago, Carnegie Institution for Science, Caltech |alma_mater = MIT |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Spectroheliograph |spouse = Evelina Conklin Hale |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = {{Plainlist|
}} |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}George Ellery Hale (June 29, 1868 – February 21, 1938) was an American solar astronomer, best known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots, and as the leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes; namely, the 40-inch refracting telescope at Yerkes Observatory, 60-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, 100-inch Hooker reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson, and the 200-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Palomar Observatory.[2] BiographyGeorge Ellery Hale was born on June 29, 1868 in Chicago, Illinois to William Ellery Hale and Mary Browne.[3] He is descended from Thomas Hale of Watton-on-Stone, Hertfordshire, England, whose son emigrated to America about 1640.[3] His father acquired a considerable fortune manufacturing and installing passenger elevators during the reconstruction of Chicago, which had been destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.[4] The oldest of three children, George received strong encouragement from his father, who supported the boy's active mind and curiosity, and his mother, who inculcated in him a love of poetry and literature.[5] He spent his youth fascinated by the books and machinery given to him by his parents—one of his most prized possessions was a small microscope. With his father's encouragement, he built a small shop in their house that turned into a laboratory.[6] The microscope led to his interest in optics. At the age of fourteen, George built his first telescope. His father later replaced it with a second-hand Clark refractor that they mounted on the roof of their Kenwood house.[6] Soon he was photographing the night skies, observing a partial eclipse of the sun, and drawing sun-spots. As an avid reader with a strong interest in the budding field of astrophysics, Hale was drawn to the writings of William Huggins, Norman Lockyer, and Ernest Rutherford.[7] His fascination with science, however, did not preclude interests more typical of a normal boy, such as fishing, boating, swimming, skating, tennis, and bicycling.[7] He was an enthusiastic reader of the stories of Jules Verne—particularly drawn to the tales of adventure set in the mountains of California.[7] Hale spent summers at his grandmother's house in the old New England village of Madison, Connecticut, where he met his future wife, Evelina Conklin.[8] After graduating from Oakland Public School in Chicago, Hale attended the Allen Academy, where he studied chemistry, physics, and astronomy.[9] He supplemented his practical home experience by attending a course in shop-work at the Chicago Manual Training School.[9] During these years, Hale developed a knowledge of the principles of architecture and city planning with the help of his father's friend, well-known architect Daniel Burnham. Upon Burnham's advice and encouragement, Hale decided at the age of seventeen to continue his education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[9] Hale was educated at MIT, at the Harvard College Observatory, (1889–90), and in Berlin (1893–94). As an undergraduate at MIT, he is known for inventing the spectroheliograph, with which he made his discovery of solar vortices. In 1908, he used the Zeeman effect with a modified spectroheliograph to establish that sunspots were magnetic.[10] Subsequent work demonstrated a strong tendency for east-west alignment of magnetic polarities in sunspots, with mirror symmetry across the solar equator; and that the polarity in each hemisphere switched orientation from one sunspot cycle to the next.[11] This systematic property of sunspot magnetic fields is now commonly referred to as the "Hale–Nicholson law,"[12] or in many cases simply "Hale's law." In 1890, he was appointed director of the Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory; he was professor of astrophysics at Beloit College (1891–93); associate professor at the University of Chicago until 1897, and full professor (1897–1905). He was coeditor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1892–95, and after 1895 editor of the Astrophysical Journal. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1921 to 1923. In October 1913, Hale received a letter from Albert Einstein, asking whether certain astronomical observations could be done that would test Einstein's hypothesis concerning the effects of gravity on light. Hale replied in November, saying that such observations could be done only during a total eclipse of the sun.[13] Hale was a driven individual, who worked to found a number of significant astronomical observatories, including Yerkes Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory, Palomar Observatory, and the Hale Solar Laboratory. At Mount Wilson, he hired and encouraged Harlow Shapley and Edwin Hubble toward some of the most significant discoveries of the time. He was a prolific organizer who helped create a number of astronomical institutions, societies and journals. Hale also played a central role in developing the California Institute of Technology into a leading research university. After retiring as director at Mount Wilson, he built the Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the sun.[14][15] From early youth, Hale had been internationally oriented, travelling widely throughout Europe in his younger years. Having long realized the value of an international organization to coordinate scientific research, he pursued, as chairman of a committee of the National Academy of Sciences of the US, the formation of an international organization for solar research. The society's inaugural meeting was held at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904 and included representatives from 16 national scientific societies, but notably not from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, which had declined the invitation. (Instead, German delegates from the German Physical Society were present.) The delegates proceeded to appoint a committee that was to create the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research as a permanent international scientific organization; the new union had its first constituted meeting at Oxford in England a year later. Further meetings were held in Paris in 1907 and at Mount Wilson in 1910, where the purview of the Union was enlarged to include stellar research, in keeping with Hale's emphasis on the Sun as just one among the many other stars. Shortly after the last meeting in Bonn in 1913, World War I broke out, which effectively put an end to the Union's activities, which would later find continuation after the 1919 founding of the International Astronomical Union.[22] During the war, Hale played a key role in founding the National Research Council to support the government in using science for its policy aims, in particular to further its military ends.[16] In 1922, he's appointed at the League of Nations' Committee on Intellectual Cooperation but has to resign after a few months because of health problems.[17] He's replaced by his colleague Robert Andrew Millikan. Hale suffered from neurological and psychological problems, including insomnia, frequent headaches, and depression. The often-repeated myth of schizophrenia,[18] alleging he claimed to have regular visits from an elf who acted as his advisor, arose from a misunderstanding by one of his biographers.[19] He used to take time off to spend a few months at a sanatorium in Maine. These problems forced him to resign as director of Mount Wilson.[18] Honors and awards
Legacy
Popular cultureFox Mulder uses the pseudonym "George E. Hale" on several occasions in the TV series The X-Files, most notable in Season 2, Episode 1 "Little Green Men", and Season 2, Episode 4 "Sleepless". Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule has an episode on "space" which references a real fact about Hale in passing. References
1. ^{{cite web|title=George Ellery Hale (1868–1938)|url=http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/bios/hale/|accessdate=1 October 2015}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last=Steele|first=Diana|date=March 20, 1997|title=Yerkes Observatory: A century of stellar science|journal=The University of Chicago Chronicle|volume=16|issue=13|url=http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970320/yerkes.shtml|accessdate=October 29, 2015|language=English}} 3. ^1 Adams 1939, p. 181. 4. ^Adams 1939, p. 182. 5. ^Adams 1939, pp. 182–83. 6. ^1 Adams 1939, p. 183. 7. ^1 2 Adams 1939, p. 184. 8. ^Adams 1939, pp. 184–85. 9. ^1 2 Adams 1939, p. 185. 10. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Hale | first1 = G. E. | title = On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 28 | pages = 315 | year = 1908 | doi = 10.1086/141602|bibcode = 1908ApJ....28..315H }} 11. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Hale | first1 = G. E. | last2 = Ellerman | first2 = F. | last3 = Nicholson | first3 = S. B. | last4 = Joy | first4 = A. H. | title = The Magnetic Polarity of Sun-Spots | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 49 | pages = 153 | year = 1919 | doi = 10.1086/142452|bibcode = 1919ApJ....49..153H }} 12. ^Astrophysics of the sun, Harold Zirin, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.307; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988assu.book.....Z 13. ^http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/images/einstein/ear01/view/1/72-296_000012024.pdf 14. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.mwoa.org/hale.html |title = George Ellery Hale |publisher = Mount Wilson Observatory Association |accessdate = 2010-04-11 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090908004424/http://www.mwoa.org/hale.html |archivedate = 2009-09-08 |df = }} 15. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/butowsky5/astro4a.htm | title = Hale Solar Laboratory | website = Astronomy and Astrophysics | publisher = U.S. National Park Service | accessdate = 2015-05-12}} 16. ^1 Walter S. Adams: "The History of the International Astronomical Union" in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Bd. 61 (1949), S. 5-12. ADS Entry 17. ^{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne}} 18. ^1 Hale, George Ellery (1868-1938) – from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography. Scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-25. 19. ^Hale's "Little Elf": The Mental Breakdowns of George Ellery Hale, Sheehan, W. & Osterbrock, D. E., Journal for the History of Astronomy, xxxi (2000), p.93; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000JHA....31...93S 20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite web |title=The Case File: George Ellery Hale |publisher=The Franklin Institute |url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html |accessdate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230012832/http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html |archivedate=December 30, 2008 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Henry Draper Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=19 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126003930/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |archivedate=January 26, 2013 }} 22. ^{{cite journal|title=Prix et Médailles décernés par la Société depuis sa fondation |journal=L'Astronomie |volume=93 |page=543 |date=1979 |bibcode = 1979LAstr..93..543S |author1=S. A. F }} 23. ^{{cite web |title=The Arthur Noble Medal, City of Pasadena |publisher=The Caltech Archives |date=1926 |url=http://archives.caltech.edu/search_catalog.cfm?results_file=Detail_View&recsPerPage=1&firstRecToShow=4&search_field=George%20Ellery%20Hale&entry_type=&photo_id=&cat_series= |accessdate=March 2, 2014 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 24. ^Newall, pp. 522–26. 25. ^https://www.mtwilson.edu/george-ellery-hale/ 26. ^{{cite book |title= Sierra Nevada Place Names: From Abbot to Zumwalt |author= Peter Browning |isbn= 9780944220238 |year= 2011 |publisher= Great West Books |page= 103}} 27. ^{{cite web | url = https://stories.californiasunday.com/2015-05-03/observatory-hidden-in-pasadena/ | title = Home of the Stars: A monument to the universe lies hidden behind a hedge in Pasadena | last = Goldin | first = Greg | date = 2015-05-03 | website = The California Sunday Magazine | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150513010949/https://stories.californiasunday.com/2015-05-03/observatory-hidden-in-pasadena/ | archivedate=2015-05-13}}
External links{{wikisource author}}{{Commons}}
19 : 1868 births|1938 deaths|American astronomers|American astrophysicists|People from Chicago|Harvard University alumni|American male journalists|Recipients of the Copley Medal|Recipients of the Bruce Medal|California Institute of Technology faculty|Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Beloit College faculty|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences|Journalists from Illinois|American people of English descent|Intellectual Cooperation|Harvard College Observatory people |
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