“2008 United States presidential election in Massachusetts”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2008 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place, as in all 50 states and D.C., as part of the 2008 United States presidential election of November 4, 2008. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who, in turn, voted for the office of president and vice president.

Democratic Party nominee Barack Obama won the state by a 25.8% margin of victory: slightly better than John Kerry's 25.2% margin in 2004. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations forecast that Obama would win Massachusetts, or otherwise considered it to be a safe blue state. No Republican presidential nominee has won a single county in the state, nor obtained more than 40% of the vote, since George H. W. Bush in 1988.^[1]^[2] In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama captured the state's 12 electoral votes winning 61.80% of the popular vote to Republican John McCain's 35.99%. Massachusetts was also one of only 6 states in which neither Obama nor McCain won during the primary season.

Primaries

Democratic

The Massachusetts Democratic primary took place on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, and had a total of 93 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Massachusetts's 10 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 61. Another 32 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Hillary Clinton. The 93 delegates represented Massachusetts at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Twenty-six other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Polls indicated that Clinton was leading Barack Obama in the days leading up to the contest in Massachusetts.^[3]

Hillary Rodham Clinton won a convincing victory in Massachusetts over Barack Obama due to a number of factors. According to exit polls, 85 percent of voters in the Massachusetts Democratic Primary were Caucasians and they opted for Clinton by a margin of 58–40 percent compared to the 6 percent of African American voters who backed Obama by a margin of 66–29. Hispanics/Latinos, which comprised 5 percent of the total voters, backed Clinton by a margin of 56–36 percent. Clinton narrowly won the youth vote (those ages 18–29) by a margin of 49–48 and tied the vote among voters ages 30–44; she also won all voters over the age of 45 by a margin of 60.5–38. Pertaining to socioeconomic class, Clinton won all levels of family income except highly affluent voters making $200,000 or more a year, as they backed Obama by a narrow margin of 53–47 percent. As for educational attainment levels, Clinton won all categories except those with postgraduate degrees who backed Obama by a margin of 51–47 percent. Among self-identified Democrats in the primary, which made up 65 percent of the total electorate, they went for Clinton by a 58–41 margin while Independents, which comprised a healthy 33 percent of the electorate, also went for Clinton by a 54–42 margin. She also won all ideological groups. Clinton also won most major religious denominations – Protestants 53–46; Roman Catholics 64-33; other Christians 51-47; and other religions 49-46. Obama won Jews by a margin of 52–48 as well as atheists/agnostics by a margin of 53-45.

Clinton performed extremely well statewide, carrying a majority of counties and sweeping most of the major urban areas and cities. Obama won Boston by fewer than 10,000 votes, while Clinton won other urban and conservative towns^[4] such as Springfield and Worcester.

Obama had picked up major endorsements from the Massachusetts Democratic establishment prior to Super Tuesday. Both U.S. Senators Ted Kennedy and John Kerry threw their support behind Obama, along with Governor Deval Patrick. Clinton also picked up a number of top-tier endorsements from Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Salvatore DiMasi along with U.S. Representatives Richard Neal and Barney Frank, one of the three openly gay members of the U.S. Congress.

Republican

The Massachusetts Republican Primary took place on February 5, 2008, with 40 national delegates.^[5] Polls indicated that former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney was leading rival John McCain;^[6] Romney ended up defeating McCain by roughly 10% of the vote.

Campaign

Predictions

There were 17 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

Polling

Very early on the election polls were tight,{{Failed verification|date=October 2017}} but Obama swept all polls taken after March 18. He won each by a double-digit margin since August 8. The final 3 polls averaged Obama leading 56% to 36%.^[22]

Fundraising

John McCain raised $4,072,206 in the state. Barack Obama raised $24,358,264.^[23]

Advertising and visits

Obama spent $46,839 while the Republican ticket spent nothing.^[24] Neither campaign visited the state.^[25]

Analysis

Massachusetts was (and is) the bluest state in the nation, in terms of voting for the Democrat in presidential elections. Massachusetts is ethnically diverse, highly educated, and less religious. The Bay State has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in every election since 1960 except for Ronald Reagan's landslide victories of 1980 and 1984. In 1972, only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia voted for Democratic U.S. Senator George McGovern as Republican Richard M. Nixon won reelection.

Barack Obama won the state's 12 electoral votes with 61.80% of the vote to John McCain's 35.99%. This is slightly higher than Kerry's victory in 2004. Despite that, four counties in the state trended away from the Democratic party: Bristol, Plymouth, Norfolk, and Worcester.

Both of Massachusetts's U.S. Senators and all 10 of its U.S. Representatives were Democrats, and Democrats held supermajorities in the Massachusetts Legislature. At the same time in 2008, incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John Kerry was reelected with 65.86% of the vote over Republican Jeff Beatty's 30.93% as were all of the state's delegates in the U.S. House of Representatives. At the state level, Democrats picked up three seats in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and one seat in the Massachusetts Senate.

Results

Results by County

Results by municipality

Results by Congressional district

Electors

Technically the voters of Massachusetts cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Massachusetts is allocated 12 electors because it has 10 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 12 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 12 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.^[26] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 12 were pledged to Obama and Biden:^[27]

References

1. ^Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
2. ^
3. ^{{cite web |title=Massachusetts Democratic Primary |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/ma/massachusetts_democratic_primary-539.html |publisher=RealClearPolitics |accessdate=February 4, 2008}}
4. ^{{cite news |first1=Frank |last1=Phillips |last2=Viser |first2=Matt |title=Decisive victories in Mass. |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/02/06/decisive_victories_in_mass |work=Boston Globe |date=February 6, 2008 |accessdate=February 6, 2008}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P08/MA-R.phtml |title=Massachusetts Republican Delegation 2008 |accessdate=2008-01-28 |publisher=The Green Papers}}
6. ^{{cite web |title=RESULTS: Massachusetts |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/state/#MA |publisher=CNN |date=2008-02-05 |accessdate=2008-02-05}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Massachusetts 2008 Presidential Primary Results - Republican Party |url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eleres/reppri08.htm |publisher=Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth |date=2008-02-05 |accessdate=2008-05-24}}
8. ^D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries
9. ^Presidential | The Cook Political Report {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003043/http://www.cookpolitical.com/presidential#belowMap |date=May 5, 2015 }}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Adnaan |url=http://vote2008.thetakeaway.org/2008/09/20/track-the-electoral-college-vote-predictions/ |title=Track the Electoral College vote predictions |publisher=The Takeaway |date=2008-09-20 |accessdate=2009-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422070127/http://vote2008.thetakeaway.org/2008/09/20/track-the-electoral-college-vote-predictions/ |archivedate=April 22, 2009 }}
11. ^Election Projection: 2008 Elections - Polls, Projections, Results
12. ^Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily
13. ^¹²³Based on Takeaway
14. ^POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com
15. ^RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map
16. ^CQ Politics |CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029000000/http://innovation.cq.com/prezMap08/ |date=October 29, 2008 }}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/whos-ahead/key-states/map.html?scp=1&sq=electoral%20college%20map&st=cse |title=Electoral College Map |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 26, 2010}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/ |publisher=CNN |title=October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker |accessdate=May 26, 2010}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/oreilly/winning-the-electoral-college/ |title=Winning the Electoral College |work=Fox News |date=April 27, 2010}}
20. ^roadto270
21. ^Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports™
22. ^Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
23. ^Presidential Campaign Finance
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/map/ad.spending/ |publisher=CNN |title=Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com |accessdate=May 26, 2010}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/map/candidate.visits/ |publisher=CNN |title=Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com |accessdate=May 26, 2010}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_ec.htm |title=Electoral College |accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher=California Secretary of State |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030041546/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_ec.htm |archivedate=October 30, 2008 }}
27. ^http://www.massdems.org/dsc/dscon_resources08.cfm Massachusetts Democratic Party