| 词条 | 2009 flu pandemic in Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name =2009 swine flu outbreak in Australia | map1 =H1N1 Australia Type Map.svg | legend1 ={{legend|#000000|Deaths}}{{legend|#FF0000|Confirmed cases}} | map2 =H1N1 Australia Confirmed Map.svg | legend2 ={{legend|#550000|5000+ confirmed cases}}{{legend|darkred|500+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#CC3300|50+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#FF6666|5+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#FF9999|1+ Confirmed cases}} | map3 =H1N1 Australia Death Map.svg | legend3 ={{legend|#e0e0e0|1+ deaths}}{{legend|#c0c0c0|5+ deaths}}{{legend|#a0a0a0|20+ deaths}}{{center|Influenza A H1N1 2009 swine flu outbreak evolution in Australia}} | map4 = | legend4 = {{legend|#CC0000|500+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#CC3300|50+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#FF6666|5+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#FF9999|1+ Confirmed cases}}{{legend|#FF9900|Suspected cases only}}{{legend|#B9B9B9|None}} | disease =H1N1 Influenza (Human Swine Influenza) | virus_strain =H1N1 | arrival_date = | origin = | deaths =191[1] | confirmed_cases = 37,537[1] | suspected_cases = n/a | total_ili = | website = }}
As at 18 December 2009, Australia had 37,537 confirmed cases of H1N1 Influenza 2009 (Human Swine Influenza) and 191 deaths reported by Department of Health[1] but only 77 deaths reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.[9] The actual numbers are much larger, as only serious cases are being tested and treated. Suspected cases have not been reported by the Department of Health and Ageing since 18 May 2009 because they are changing too quickly to report.[10] As many as 1600 Australians may have died as a result of this virus.[11][12] On 23 May The federal government classified the outbreak as CONTAIN phase[17] except in Victoria where it was escalated to the SUSTAIN phase on 3 June.[13] This gives government authorities permission to close schools to slow the spread of the disease.[14] On 17 June 2009 the Department of Health and Ageing introduced a new phase called PROTECT. This modified the response to focus on people with high risk of complications from the disease. Testing at airports is to be discontinued. The national stockpile of antiviral drugs will no longer be made available to people with the flu unless there are more than mild symptoms or a high risk of dying.[15] Australia has a stockpile of 8.7 million doses of Tamiflu and Relenza.[16] Under the earlier DELAY and CONTAIN phases Airlines were required to report passengers with influenza symptoms, and thermal imaging and nurses were deployed at international airports.[16] Passengers arriving were required to fill in a health declaration card.[17] A large scale immunization effort against swine flu started on Monday 28 September 2009. ContextThere are on average 2,500-3,000 deaths every year as a result of seasonal influenza in Australia. An estimated 1 billion are infected seasonally, throughout the world. In Australia, 37,537 swine flu tests have given positive results and there have been 191 confirmed deaths of people infected with swine flu as of 18 December 2009.[1] Reported casesQueenslandOn 9 May 2009, Australia confirmed its first case of swine flu in a 33-year-old woman, when she touched down from a flight from Los Angeles to Brisbane. Although it was confirmed to be not infectious (coming out as a "weak but positive result"), family members and people who were sitting close to her during the flight have been contacted and urged to seek immediate medical attention if they began to show flu-like symptoms.[18] On 24 May Queensland confirmed its second case.[19] 41 deaths have been recorded in Queensland. The first person to die in Queensland was a 38-year-old woman who died on 15 July at the Mater Hospital Pimlico.[20] VictoriaIn Victoria there have been 2,440 cases,[7] including 24 deaths. An 11-year-old boy, and later his 2 brothers, were confirmed on 20 May to carry the virus.[21] Victorian health authorities closed Clifton Hill Primary School for two days on 21 May, initially, after the three brothers returned to the school from a trip to Disneyland.[22] A further case delayed the reopening of the school until Thursday 28 May 2009.[23][24] On 23 May about 22 year-nine students of Mill Park Secondary College were given anti-viral Tamiflu after one of their classmates was diagnosed with swine flu, the same happened for students in year 9 at the University High School in Parkville and also for the Melton campus of Mowbray College after a year 10 student contracted the virus .[23] A 35-year-old man from Colac died on 20 June 2009 at Maroondah Hospital after going to Colac Hospital the previous day.[25] On 23 June 2009, the second swine flu related death in Victoria was reported, in that of a 50-year-old woman at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.[26] A third death was reported on 25 June.[27] Two more death were reported on the weekend of 27 and 28 June.[28] Two more deaths were reported on 1 July, including a 3 year old.[29] Four more deaths were recorded on 8 July.[30] The SUSTAIN phase in Victoria means that less effort will be given to tracing and testing, as there would be insufficient resources available to do this. Antiviral drugs in this phase are only available to confirmed cases or their immediate contacts.[13] New South WalesIn New South Wales there have been 51 deaths. The first confirmed death in New South Wales occurred on 29 June[31] and a second man died on 3 July.[32] South AustraliaSouth Australia has recorded 28 deaths, plus a 'clinical positive' where the test was inconclusive and, after swine-flu-like symptoms were reported, Tamiflu was administered, thus making a future positive confirmation unlikely.[33] Adelaide high schools Eynesbury Senior College and Blackfriars Priory School closed for a week.[34] The first confirmed death from swine flu in Australia was a 26-year-old Aboriginal man from Kiwirrkurra Community in the Western Desert of Western Australia who died in Royal Adelaide Hospital on 19 June.[45]Australian Capital TerritoryThe Australian Capital Territory has recorded two deaths and 920 confirmed cases by 28 August 2009.[2] Two of the earliest casualties contracted the disease while on the Pacific Dawn cruise ship.[35] The first death in the ACT occurred on 28 July 2009.[36] During the last week of July 2009, Radford College's year 12 cohort was asked to stay home, after a spike of influenza through the year. Western AustraliaThere have been 27 confirmed deaths in Western Australia. The first person to die in the state was a 26-year-old woman who died on 26 June 2009. A 26-year-old Western Australian man died in Adelaide on 19 June.[45] TasmaniaTasmania has recorded seven deaths. Public health authorities expected up to 200,000 Tasmanians could catch swine flu in the three months incoming from June.[37] The first person to die in Tasmania was an 85-year-old woman who died in Royal Hobart Hospital on 5 July.[38] Northern TerritoryThe Northern Territory confirmed the first infection of a person on 30 May 2009.[39] Six people have died in the territory so far. The first person in the Territory to die from the current epidemic was a man in his early 50s who died at the Royal Darwin Hospital on 6 July.[40] Overseas casesThe swine flu has also affected some Australians internationally: Three Australians in London had confirmed cases of swine flu.[41][42] Australians in quarantine:[43]
Pacific Dawn cruise ship swine flu scare{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=December 2013}}On 25 May, about 3 hours after going off the boat, a swine flu scare was reported on board. This shock has caused a spark in the number of cases, going up much more rapidly than before, and somehow causing "Case 1" (see above). The number of cases was around 20 before the scare, and due to this, the amount of cases have risen well over 15,000. This cruise ship caused almost half of the cases in SA, caused the WA case, and the TAS case. Also it caused a scare in New Caledonia. Government travel adviceBorders have not been closed, and no restrictions have been placed on travel.[44] Travel to countries with confirmed cases of swine flu have not been reclassed to reconsider, as at 1 May 2009. Measures to control an outbreakStarting from 30 April thermal imaging was applied to passenger arrivals at international airports and arriving passengers were required to fill in a card. Customs officers checked aeroplane cabins prior to disembarkation of passengers looking for people with flu symptoms.[45] On 23 May the government upgraded the flu alert level from "delay" to "contain", giving authorities in all states the option to close schools if students were at risk.[14] All states and territories have ordered students returning from countries where flu was widespread (Canada, Japan, Mexico, Panama and United States) not to return to school for a week after entering Australia.[46] States outside Victoria decided to prevent students returning to school for a week if they have visited Victoria.[47] CSL Limited started to produce a vaccine to immunize against swine flu, and received an order from the Australian Government for ten million doses. The inoculations are expected to be ready around the end of July 2009.[48][49]In Melbourne, seven special clinics for influenza opened on 29 May.[50] There are now additional measures to control the flu outbreak encouraging students returning from Victoria to stay away from school and quarantine themselves for a period of up to seven days. PreparationsThe Australian Government had a stockpile of 40 million surgical grade face masks. However stocks of face masks in pharmacies were depleted due to personal purchases.[45] The World Health Organization Influenza Centre in North Melbourne was attempting to develop a vaccine for swine flu, by growing the live virus as found in California, in chicken embryos.[51] The first one-litre batch of vaccine was announced to be ready on 29 June 2009 by the University of Queensland, but would not be available for use until it was registered as safe with the regulatory authority.[52] A Commonwealth Health hotline for Swine Influenza was set up on Australian phone number 1802007 by the Department of Health and Ageing.[53] The Australian Government set up a health emergency web site.[17] Daily tallies of suspected cases were given.[54] The Tasmanian Government set up a Tasmanian Action Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic.[55] The Queensland Government had an action plan prepared in 2008[56] and a business continuity plan in 2006.[57] The Australian Capital Territory Chief Medical Officer, Dr Charles Guest, claimed that procedures and systems were very good to detect and respond to the disease outbreak.[58] South Australia has nominated eight hospitals to handle flu: Royal Adelaide, Flinders Medical Centre or Women's and Children's Hospital, Berri, Mount Gambier, Port Lincoln, Whyalla or Port Augusta.[59] The Victorian Government Department of Human Services had a nurse on call to answer questions on the topic.[60] Hygiene recommendationsThe Tasmanian government published a warning poster[61] and a series of recommendations to health professionals on protective equipment, hand washing and sterilisation.[62] EvaluationIn a 2011 article in the Emerging Health Threats Journal, Peter Collignon commented that the media frequently compared the outbreaks to the 1918 flu pandemic that infected 500 million people and killed tens of millions. Widespread public fear of a similar number of deaths lead to "Emergency Departments and doctor surgeries being overwhelmed" with requests for antiviral drugs, jeopardising the supply for the highest risk patients.[63] Statistics
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web|url=http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-010809|title=First Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza related death in the ACT|publisher=Department of Health and Ageing|date=1 August 2009|accessdate=1 August 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090806001550/http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-010809| archivedate= 6 August 2009 | deadurl= yes}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/03/2587924.htm|title=40 per cent of Tasmanians predicted to contract swine flu|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=3 June 2009|accessdate=3 June 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090614095805/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/03/2587924.htm| archivedate= 14 June 2009 | deadurl= no}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-070709|title=First death in Tasmania|format=|publisher=Department of Health and Ageing|date=7 July 2009|accessdate=7 July 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090708212007/http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-070709| archivedate= 8 July 2009 | deadurl= yes}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/31/2585459.htm|title=NT records first swine flu case|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=31 May 2009|accessdate=31 May 2009}} 40. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-060709|title=First Northern Territory death|format=|publisher=Department of Health and Ageing|date=6 July 2009|accessdate=6 July 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090708211914/http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/news-060709| archivedate= 8 July 2009 | deadurl= yes}} 41. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/third-aussie-tests-positive-for-swine-flu-in-london-report-20090504-arnj.html?page=-1|title=Third Aussie tests positive for swine flu in London: report|last=AAP|date=4 May 2009|work=SMH|publisher=Fairfax|accessdate=25 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505004318/http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/third-aussie-tests-positive-for-swine-flu-in-london-report-20090504-arnj.html?page=-1| archivedate= 5 May 2009 | deadurl= no}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25417418-601,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503033130/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C25417418-601%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 May 2009 |title=Two Australians test positive for swine flu in London |last=AAP |date=2 May 2009 |work=The Australian |publisher=News Limited |accessdate=25 May 2009 |df= }} 43. ^{{cite video |people=Nicola Roxon, Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia) |date=27 May 2009|title=Press conference |url=http://ten.com.au/video-player.htm?vxSiteId=cb519624-44a2-4bf7-808b-3514d34e96e4&vxChannel=NEWS&vxClipId=1427_news-roxon-270509&vxBitrate=300&CMP=LEC-DANCEgetVideoLink|medium=Television production |publisher=Network Ten |location=Australia |accessdate=27 May 2009 |time=8:50| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090619174034/http://ten.com.au/video-player.htm?vxSiteId=cb519624-44a2-4bf7-808b-3514d34e96e4&vxChannel=NEWS&vxClipId=1427_news-roxon-270509&vxBitrate=300&CMP=LEC-DANCEgetVideoLink| archivedate= 19 June 2009 | deadurl= no}} 44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.smarttraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/TravelBulletins/Health-Swine_Influenza|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503021145/http://www.smarttraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/TravelBulletins/Health-Swine_Influenza|deadurl=y|title=Travel Bulletin: Health : Swine Influenza|archivedate=3 May 2009}} 45. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2557672.htm |title=Flu fears spark rush on pharmacies |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 May 2009 |accessdate=6 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503154757/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2557672.htm |archivedate=3 May 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }} 46. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/australian-swine-flu-cases-rise-to-31-20090526-bkz2.html |title=Australian swine flu cases rise to 31 |date=26 May 2009 |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=26 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090619141809/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/australian-swine-flu-cases-rise-to-31-20090526-bkz2.html| archivedate= 19 June 2009 | deadurl= no}} 47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25584064-2702,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606195627/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C25584064-2702%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 June 2009 |title=Victoria placed on swine flu blacklist |date=4 June 2009 |accessdate=4 June 2009 |work=The Australian |first=Siobhain |last=Ryan |df= }} 48. ^{{cite news |url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&sid=au.0.96Ap54Q&refer=home |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120630042803/http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601124&sid=au.0.96Ap54Q&refer=home |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 June 2012 |title=CSL to start making swine flu vaccine next week for human tests |author=Simeon Bennett |publisher=Bloomberg |date=26 May 2009 |accessdate=28 May 2009}} 49. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2583673.htm |title=Government orders vaccines as swine flu cases 100 |date=28 May 2009 |author=Alison Caldwell, Nicola Roxon |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=28 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090619204717/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2583673.htm| archivedate= 19 June 2009 | deadurl= no}} 50. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/29/2584210.htm |title=Seven swine flu clinics open in Melbourne |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=29 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090612063904/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/29/2584210.htm| archivedate= 12 June 2009 | deadurl= no}} 51. ^{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Rachael |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/30/2557409.htm |title=Melbourne lab joins race for flu vaccine |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 April 2009 |accessdate=6 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505171910/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/30/2557409.htm| archivedate= 5 May 2009 | deadurl= no}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/29/2611426.htm|title=Qld uni unveils swine flu vaccine|author=Josh Bavas|publisher=ABC News|date=29 June 2009|accessdate=29 June 2009}} 53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.smarttraveller.gov.au/ |title=Smartraveller: The Australian Government's travel advisory and consular assistance service |publisher=Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=4 September 2003 |accessdate=6 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503123058/http://www.smarttraveller.gov.au/| archivedate= 3 May 2009 | deadurl= no}} 54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/updates |title=Update bulletins |publisher=Health Emergency |date= |accessdate=6 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503233851/http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing.nsf/Content/updates| archivedate= 3 May 2009 | deadurl= yes}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/61801/Tasmanian_Action_Plan_for_Human_Influenza.pdf |title=Tasmanian action plan for human influenza |publisher=Tasmanian Government |format=PDF |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528095002/http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/61801/Tasmanian_Action_Plan_for_Human_Influenza.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qld.gov.au/about/health-and-communities/avian-influenza/pdf/action_plan.pdf |format=PDF |title=Avian influenza action plan |publisher=Queensland Government |year=2008 |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530095543/http://www.qld.gov.au/about/health-and-communities/avian-influenza/pdf/action_plan.pdf |archivedate=30 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qld.gov.au/about/health-and-communities/avian-influenza/pdf/business_continuity_plan.pdf |format=PDF |title=Business continuity plan |publisher=Queensland Government |year=2006 |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530095548/http://www.qld.gov.au/about/health-and-communities/avian-influenza/pdf/business_continuity_plan.pdf |archivedate=30 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10098808&pid=1240874209 |title=H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) |publisher=ACT Health |date= |accessdate=6 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505050453/http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=da&did=10098808&pid=1240874209| archivedate= 5 May 2009 | deadurl= no}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://flu.sa.gov.au/Swineflu.aspx |title=Stopping the spread of flu starts here |publisher=Department of Health South Australia |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527141620/http://flu.sa.gov.au/Swineflu.aspx |archivedate=27 May 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/diseases/swine-influenza |title=Swine influenza–influenza A (H1N1) virus |publisher=Communicable Disease Control, Public Health Branch, Rural & Regional Health & Aged Care Services Division of the Victorian State Government, Department of Human Services |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528092829/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/diseases/swine-influenza |archivedate=28 May 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/62340/Protect_yourself_from_the_flu_Poster_1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528093408/http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/62340/Protect_yourself_from_the_flu_Poster_1.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} 62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/what_does_it_mean_to_you/health_sector |title=Planning for a Pandemic |publisher=Tasmanian Government |date= |accessdate=6 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505194808/http://www.pandemic.tas.gov.au/what_does_it_mean_to_you/health_sector| archivedate= 5 May 2009 | deadurl= yes}} 63. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Collignon P, Doshi P, Del Mar C, Jefferson T | title=Safety and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in children. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 60 | issue= 3 | page= 489 | pmid=25344541 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciu835 }} External links
3 : 2009 in Australia|2009 flu pandemic by country|Health disasters in Australia |
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