| 词条 | George Jackson (activist) |
| 释义 |
|name = George Jackson |image = Book cover, Soledad Brother by George Jackson.jpg |image_size = |caption = Cover of Soledad Brother |birth_name = George Lester Jackson |birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|09|23}} |birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1971|8|21|1941|9|23|mf=y}} |death_place = San Quentin, California, U.S. |death_cause = Shooting |nationality = American |known_for = Prison activist[1] and co-founder of the Black Guerrilla Family |parents = Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson |relations = Jonathan Jackson (brother) }} George Lester Jackson (September 23, 1941 – August 21, 1971) was an African-American author. While serving a sentence for armed robbery in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the Maoist-Marxist Black Guerrilla Family. In 1970, he was charged, along with two other Soledad Brothers, with the murder of prison guard John Vincent Mills in the aftermath of a prison fight. The same year, he published Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, a combination of autobiography and manifesto addressed to a black American audience. The book would become a best-seller and earn Jackson personal fame. BiographyBorn in Chicago, Jackson was the second son of Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson's five children. He spent time in the California Youth Authority Corrections facility in Paso Robles due to several juvenile convictions including armed robbery, assault, and burglary.[2] In 1961, he was convicted of armed robbery (stealing $70 at gunpoint from a gas station) and sentenced to serve one year to life in prison.[3] During his first years at San Quentin State Prison, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity, where he allegedly assaulted guards and inmates. Such behavior, in turn, was used to justify his continued incarceration on an indeterminate sentence. He was described by prison officials as egocentric and anti-social.[4] In 1966, Jackson met and befriended W.L. Nolen who introduced him to Marxist and Maoist ideology. The two founded the Black Guerrilla Family in 1966 based on Marxist and Maoist political thought.[5] In speaking of his ideological transformation, Jackson remarked "I met Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, Engels, and Mao when I entered prison and they redeemed me."[6] As Jackson's disciplinary infractions grew he spent more time in solitary confinement, where he studied political economy and radical theory. He also wrote many letters to friends and supporters which would later be edited and compiled into the books Soledad Brother and Blood in My Eye, bestsellers that brought him a great deal of attention from leftist organizers and intellectuals in the U.S. and Western Europe. Jackson's political transformation was seen as insincere by prison officials, with San Quentin associate warden commenting that Jackson "was a sociopath, a very personable hoodlum" who "didn't give a shit about the revolution." He amassed a following of inmates, including some whites and Hispanics, but most enthusiastically with other black inmates.[7] In January 1969, Jackson and Nolen were transferred from San Quentin to Soledad prison.[8] On January 13, 1970, Nolen and two other black inmates (Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller) were shot to death by corrections officer Opie G. Miller during a yard riot with members of the Aryan Brotherhood. Following Nolen's death, Jackson became increasingly confrontational with corrections officials and spoke often about the need to protect fellow inmates and take revenge on correction officers for Nolen's death in what Jackson referred to as "selective retaliatory violence."[9] On January 17, 1970, Jackson, Fleeta Drumgo and John Clutchette were charged with murdering a corrections officer, John V. Mills, who was beaten and thrown from the third floor of Soledad's Y wing.[10] This was a capital offense and a successful conviction could put Jackson in the gas chamber. Mills was purportedly killed in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three inmates by Miller, the previous year. Miller was not convicted of any crime, a grand jury ruling his actions to be justifiable homicide.[11] Marin County courthouse incident{{main| Marin County courthouse incident}}On August 7, 1970, George Jackson's 17-year-old brother Jonathan Jackson burst into a Marin County courtroom with an automatic weapon, freed prisoners James McClain, William A. Christmas and Ruchell Magee, and took Judge Harold Haley, Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, and three jurors hostage to demand the release of the "Soledad Brothers." Haley, Jackson, Christmas and McClain were killed as they attempted to drive away from the courthouse. Eyewitness testimony suggests Haley was hit by fire discharged from a sawed-off shotgun that had been fastened to his neck with adhesive tape by the abductors. Thomas, Magee and one of the jurors were wounded.[12] The case made national headlines.[13] Angela Davis, accused of buying the weapons, was later acquitted of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder. A possible explanation for the gun connection is that Jonathan Jackson was her bodyguard. Magee, the sole survivor among the attackers, eventually pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975.[14] Magee is currently imprisoned in Corcoran State Prison and has lost numerous bids for parole. DeathOn August 21, 1971, Jackson met with attorney Stephen Bingham on a civil lawsuit Jackson had filed against the California Department of Corrections. After the meeting, Jackson was escorted by officer Urbano Rubico back to his cell when Rubico noticed a metallic object in Jackson's hair, later revealed to be a wig, and ordered him to remove it. Jackson then pulled a Spanish Astra 9 mm pistol from beneath the wig and said "Gentlemen, the dragon has come"—a reference to Ho Chi Minh.[15] It is not clear how Jackson obtained the gun. Bingham, who lived for 13 years as a fugitive before returning to the United States to face trial, was acquitted of charges that he smuggled a gun to Jackson.[16] Jackson ordered Rubico to open all the cells and along with several other inmates he overpowered the remaining correction officers and took them, along with two inmates, hostage. Five other hostages, guards Jere Graham, Frank DeLeon and Paul Krasnes, along with two white prisoners, were killed and found in Jackson's cell. Three other officers, Rubico, Kenneth McCray, and Charles Breckenridge, were also shot and stabbed, but survived.[17] After finding the keys for the Adjustment Center's exit, Jackson along with fellow inmate and close friend Johnny Spain escaped to the yard where Jackson was shot dead from a guard tower and Spain surrendered.[18][19] Jackson was killed just three days prior to the start of his murder trial for the 1970 slaying of officer John Mills.[19] Three inmates were acquitted and three (David Johnson, Johnny Spain and Hugo Pinell) were convicted for the murders.[20] The six became known as the "San Quentin Six".[21] There is some evidence that Jackson and his supporters on the outside had planned the escape for several weeks. Three days before the escape attempt, Jackson rewrote his will, leaving all royalties as well as control of his legal defense fund to the Black Panther Party.[22] Jackson's funeral was held at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in Oakland, California on August 28, 1971.[23] In popular culture{{refimprove section|date=February 2016}}Many notable artists and entertainers have dedicated their work to Jackson's memory or created works based on his life. A non-album single was released by Bob Dylan, "George Jackson" about the life and death of Jackson. The song made the American charts peaking at #33 in January 1972. Steel Pulse, an English reggae band from Birmingham wrote a song named 'Uncle George' which contains a chorus of 'Soledad Brother'. The song comes from the band's album 'Tribute To The Martyrs' which also honours other black civil rights activists including Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King and Steve Biko.[24] Ja Rule named his 2003 album after Jackson's book, Blood in My Eye. Saxophone player Archie Shepp dedicated most of his album Attica Blues (1972) to the story of George Jackson ("Blues for Brother George Jackson") and the Attica prison riots that followed. Stephen Jay Gould wrote, in his 1981 book The Mismeasure of Man, of George Jackson's death in context of 'statistically supported' social Darwinism. Quoting Gould about the legacy of failed science which supported racial bigotry and physiognomy, "George Jackson ... died under Lombroso's legacy, trying to escape after eleven years (eight and a half in solitary) of an indeterminate one-year-to-life sentence for stealing seventy dollars from a gas station."[25]Jackson's life, beliefs and ultimate fate were the topic of one of the many audio tapes recorded at the Jonestown commune in Guyana during 1978. In the tape in question, Jones' tirade, touches on several issues relating to Jackson, most notably Jones' firm belief that Jackson's death was a racist assassination. His admiration for the Black Panther activist on the tape is as clear as his disgust that the follower could think he was remotely in the same league as Jackson. Jones states at least twice during the 45 minute recording that "people like [the follower] killed George Jackson."{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Stanley Williams dedicated his 1998 book Life in Prison in part to George Jackson. In Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's response to Williams' appeal for clemency, the governor claimed that this dedication was "a significant indicator that Williams is not reformed and that he still sees violence and lawlessness as a legitimate means to address societal problems."{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The 2007 film Black August is a retelling of the last fourteen months of Jackson's life.[26] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Murrin|first=John|author2=Paul E. Johnson|author3=James M. McPherson|title=Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|year=2008|location=Boston, MA|page=1136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA1136 |isbn=978-0-495-50243-2}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Cummins|first=Eric|title=The Rise and Fall of California's Radical Prison Movement|page=155|publisher=Stanford University Press|ISBN=978-0804722322}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=America's fortress of blood: The death of George Jackson and the birth of the prison-industrial complex|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/09/07/americas_fortress_of_blood_the_death_of_george_jackson_and_the_birth_of_the_prison_industrial_complex|publisher=Salon|accessdate=September 7, 2014}} 4. ^Cummins, pg 156. 5. ^{{cite book|last=James|first=Joy|title=Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion|page=85|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|ISBN= 978-0742520271}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=George|title=Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=1994|page=16|ISBN=1613742894}} 7. ^Cummins, pg 157. 8. ^James, pg 85. 9. ^Cummins, pg 164. 10. ^Cummins, pg 165. 11. ^{{cite web|title=Day of the Gun: George Jackson|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5RUi_uWIys}} 12. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909547-1,00.html|title=Justice: A Bad Week for the Good Guys|date=August 17, 1970|publisher=TIME|accessdate=August 8, 2010}} 13. ^News footage from August 15, 1970, featuring an interview with George Jackson in which he reflects on the death of his brother Jonathan: https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/228228. 14. ^{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Magee Gets Life Term|newspaper = The Milwaukee Journal|date=January 23, 1975|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s9wjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DCkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6378,1130057&dq=ruchell+magee&hl=en|accessdate=August 11, 2010}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Lori|title=Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain|page=158|publisher=Temple University Press|ISBN=978-1566397506}} 16. ^San Quentin profile, latimes.com, June 28, 1986. 17. ^Cummings, pg 209. 18. ^Andrews, pg 162–163. 19. ^1 {{cite news|title=Attempted Escape At San Quentin Leaves Six Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tyw0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=QeEIAAAAIBAJ&pg=1467%2C2414109|agency=UPI|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|location=Bangor, Maine|date=August 23, 1971|pages=1, 3|accessdate=October 23, 2010}} 20. ^"Costly San Quentin 6 Trial Ends With 3 Convictions", Milwaukee Journal, August 13, 1976. 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Lee|title=America is the Prison: Arts and Politics in Prison in the 1970s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3yRlKxxDtkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=July 12, 2011|year=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina|isbn=9780807871171|page=66|chapter=The Age of Jackson: George Jackson and the Radical Critique of Incarceration|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3yRlKxxDtkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 22. ^Cummings, pg 158. 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Huey|authorlink1=Huey P. Newton|title=Revolutionary Suicide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvZPJyeUTUUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2009|origyear=1973|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143105329}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oldradioshows.com/at40/010872.html|title=Casey Kesem American Top 40|date=January 8, 1972|accessdate=August 23, 2010}} 25. ^{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould|title=The Mismeasure of Man: The definitive refutation to the argument of the Bell Curve, revised and expanded|page=172|year=1981|ISBN=0-393-31425-1}} 26. ^{{cite book|last=Finkelman |first=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of African American History: 5-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=PP1&pg=RA2-PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=3|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=978-0195167795}} Further reading
External links{{wikiquote}}
Jackson's writings, interview, advocacy of his views
23 : 1941 births|1971 deaths|Activists for African-American civil rights|African-American writers|American writers|American autobiographers|American Marxists|American Maoists|American communists|African-American communists|Anti-revisionists|American people who died in prison custody|Members of the Black Panther Party|COINTELPRO targets|Conspiracy theories in the United States|Deaths by firearm in California|Gang members|Marxist writers|Activists from Chicago|People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States|Prisoners who died in California detention|Criminals of the San Francisco Bay Area|New Left |
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