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词条 2009 Jupiter impact event
释义

  1. Discovery

  2. Findings

  3. Impactor

     Visibility 

  4. 2010 Jupiter impact event

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

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|caption = Hubble image of the scar taken on July 23 showing a blemish of about {{convert|8,000|km|mi}} long[1][2]
|date = {{start date|2009|07|19}}
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|place = Jupiter
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The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact, was a July 2009 impact on Jupiter that caused a black spot in the planet's atmosphere. The impact area covered 190 million square kilometers, similar in area to the planet's Little Red Spot and approximately the size of the Pacific Ocean.[2] The impactor is estimated to have been about 200 to 500 meters in diameter.[4] (For comparison, the one for the Tunguska event was estimated to be in the 60–190 meters range.)

Discovery

Amateur astronomer Anthony Wesley discovered the impact at approximately 13:30 UTC on 19 July 2009 (exactly 15 years after the Jupiter impacts of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9, or SL9). He was at his home observatory just outside Murrumbateman, New South Wales, Australia, using stacked images on a {{convert|14.5|in|cm|adj=on|1}} diameter reflecting telescope equipped with a low light machine vision video camera attached to the telescope.[3] Wesley stated that

{{quote|When first seen close to the limb (and in poor conditions) it was only a vaguely dark spot, I [thought] likely to be just a normal dark polar storm. However as it rotated further into view, and the conditions improved I suddenly realised that it wasn't just dark, it was black in all channels, meaning it was truly a black spot.[4]}}

Wesley sent an e-mail to others including the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California reporting his observations.[5]

Findings

Paul Kalas and collaborators confirmed the sighting. They had time on the Keck II telescope in Hawaii, and had been planning to observe Fomalhaut b, but they spent some of their time looking at the Jupiter impact.[6] Infrared observation by Keck and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF)[2] at Mauna Kea showed a bright spot where the impact took place, indicating the impact warmed a 190 million square km area of the lower atmosphere at 305° west, 57° south near Jupiter's south pole.[2]

The spot's prominence indicated that it was composed of high-altitude aerosols similar to those seen during the SL9 impact.[6] Using near-infrared wavelengths and the IRTF, Glenn Orton and his team detected bright upwelling particles in the planet's upper atmosphere and using mid-infrared wavelengths, found possible extra emission of ammonia gas.[7]

The force of the explosion on Jupiter was thousands of times more powerful than the suspected comet or asteroid that exploded over the Tunguska River Valley in Siberia in June 1908.[8] (This would be approximately 12,500–13,000 Megatons of TNT, over a million times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.)[9]

Impactor

The object that hit Jupiter was not identified before Wesley discovered the impact. A 2003 paper estimated comets with a diameter larger than 1.5 kilometers impact Jupiter about every 90 to 500 years,[10] while a 1997 survey suggested that the astronomer Cassini may have recorded an impact in 1690.[11]

Given the size of the SL9 impactors,[12] it is likely that this object was less than one kilometer in diameter.[8][13]

| deadurl= no}}
6. ^1 Jupiter adds a feature {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720180242/http://keckobservatory.org/index.php/news/jupiters_adds_a_feature/ |date=2011-07-20 }}. Keck Observatory observations, July 21, 2009
7. ^{{cite web|author=Martinez, Carolina|title=New NASA Images Indicate Object Hits Jupiter|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/jup-20090720.html|date=July 20, 2009|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|accessdate=2009-07-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090727121804/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/jup-20090720.html| archivedate= 27 July 2009 | deadurl= no}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Hubble Captures Rare Jupiter Collision |publisher=Hubblesite (STScI-2009-23) |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/23/full |date=2009-07-24 |accessdate=2009-07-24}}
9. ^{{Cite book | last = Longo | first = Giuseppe | chapter = 18: The Tunguska event |editor-last = Bobrowsky | editor-first = Peter T. | editor2-last = Rickman | editor2-first = Hans | title = Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society, An Interdisciplinary Approach | pages = 303–330 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | place = Berlin Heidelberg New York | publication-date = 2007 | contribution-url = http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/Asteroids-Chapter-18.pdf | isbn=978-3-540-32709-7 | year = 2007 }}. Accessed 2009-07-27. [https://www.webcitation.org/5icderdjK?url=http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/Asteroids-Chapter-18.pdf Archived] 2009-07-29.
10. ^{{Cite journal|first=Kevin |last=Zahnle |first2=Paul |last2=Schenk |first3=Harold |last3=Levison |first4=Luke |last4=Dones |year=2003 |month= |title=Cratering rates in the outer Solar System |journal=Icarus |volume=163 |issue=163 |pages=263–289 |url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/~espoclass/homework/5830_2008_homework/Zahnle2003CrateringRates.pdf |bibcode=2003Icar..163..263Z |issn= |quote=1.5-km-diameter comets is currently N(d > 1.5 km) = 0.005{{±|0.006|0.003}} per annum |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5icdGOsFF?url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/~espoclass/homework/5830_2008_homework/Zahnle2003CrateringRates.pdf |archivedate=2009-07-29 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-07-27 |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00048-4 |df= |citeseerx=10.1.1.520.2964 }}
11. ^{{Cite journal |first=Isshi |last=Tabe |first2=Jun-ichi |last2=Watanabe |first3=Michiwo |last3=Jimbo |date=February 1997 |title=Discovery of a Possible Impact SPOT on Jupiter Recorded in 1690 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume=49 |issue= |pages=L1–L5 |bibcode=1997PASJ...49L...1T |issn= |quote=Jupiter has been continuously monitored for almost 400 yr |doi=10.1093/pasj/49.1.l1}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Fragment Size |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute |author=D. A. Crawford |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc97/pdf/1351.PDF |accessdate=2009-07-22}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=Surprise Collision on Jupiter Captured by Gemini Telescope |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/node/11300 |accessdate=2009-07-24}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article6721504.ece|title=Backyard astronomer discovers black spot on Jupiter|last=Tedmanson|first=Sophie|date=2009-07-22|publisher=The Times|accessdate=2009-07-22 | location=London}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/5882014/Planet-Jupiter-hit-by-object-which-left-a-dent-the-size-of-Earth.html|title=Planet Jupiter hit by object which left a dent the size of Earth |date=2009-07-21|source=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=2009-07-22 | location=London}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56K0ZV20090721|title=Giant "scar" on Jupiter spotted by amateur stargazer |date=2009-07-21|source=Reuters|accessdate=2009-07-22 | first=Rob | last=Taylor}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090721-jupiter-impact-spot.html|title=PHOTO: Jupiter Impact Creates Huge New Spot|last=Than|first=Ker|date=2009-07-21|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2009-07-22}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-jupiter22-2009jul22,0,5215362.story|title= 'Incredible' new scar is spreading on Jupiter|last=Johnson, Jr.|first=John |publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2009-07-22|date=2009-07-22}}
19. ^Perlman, David. "Glowing scar is revealing Jupiter's secrets" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 July 2009.
20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17491-jupiter-sports-new-bruise-from-impact.html|title= Jupiter sports new 'bruise' from impact |last=Grossman|first=Lisa|date=2009-07-21|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=2009-07-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090803010347/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17491-jupiter-sports-new-bruise-from-impact.html| archivedate= 3 August 2009 | deadurl= no}}
21. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=More on the Jupiter Impact |author=Carl Hergenrother|url=http://transientsky.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/more-on-the-jupiter-impact/ |date=2009-07-21 |accessdate=2009-07-24}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |date=January 26, 2011 |title=Asteroids Ahoy! Jupiter Scar Likely from Rocky Body |publisher=News and Features @ NASA/JPL |author=Jia-Rui C. Cook |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-028 |accessdate=2011-01-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110127202427/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-028| archivedate= 27 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}
23. ^ billion (1.3{{e|11}})
24. ^{{cite web |title=New Satellites of Jupiter Discovered in 2003 |publisher=Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism) |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/jup2003.html |accessdate=2009-07-23| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090608233946/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/jup2003.html| archivedate= 8 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=New moon of Jupiter found |publisher=SpaceFlight Now (University of Arizona News Release) |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0007/21jovianmoon/ |accessdate=2009-07-23}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=9918| title=Another impact on Jupiter| date=2010-06-04| first=Michael| last=Bakich| publisher=Astronomy Magazine online| accessdate=2010-06-04}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Hammel | first1 = H. B. | last2 = Wong | first2 = M. H. | last3 = Clarke | first3 = J. T. | last4 = De Pater | first4 = I. | last5 = Fletcher | first5 = L. N. | last6 = Hueso | first6 = R. | last7 = Noll | first7 = K. | last8 = Orton | first8 = G. S. | last9 = Pérez-Hoyos | first9 = S. | last10 = Sánchez-Lavega | first10 = A. | last11 = Simon-Miller | first11 = A. A. | last12 = Yanamandra-Fisher | first12 = P. A. | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L150 | title = Jupiter After the 2009 Impact:hubble Space Telescopeimaging of the Impact-Generated Debris and Its Temporal Evolution | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 715 | issue = 2 | pages = L150 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 2010ApJ...715L.150H }}.
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Sánchez-Lavega | first1 = A. | last2 = Wesley | first2 = A. | last3 = Orton | first3 = G. | last4 = Hueso | first4 = R. | last5 = Perez-Hoyos | first5 = S. | last6 = Fletcher | first6 = L. N. | last7 = Yanamandra-Fisher | first7 = P. | last8 = Legarreta | first8 = J. | last9 = De Pater | first9 = I. | last10 = Hammel | first10 = H. | last11 = Simon-Miller | first11 = A. | last12 = Gomez-Forrellad | first12 = J. M. | last13 = Ortiz | first13 = J. L. | last14 = García-Melendo | first14 = E. | last15 = Puetter | first15 = R. C. | last16 = Chodas | first16 = P. | title = The Impact of a Large Object on Jupiter in 2009 July | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L155 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 715 | issue = 2 | pages = L155 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = |arxiv = 1005.2312 |bibcode = 2010ApJ...715L.155S }}.

External links

{{wikinews|Black spot on Jupiter is impact site, says NASA}}{{commons category|Jupiter 2009 impact event}}
  • {{cite web|url=http://jupiter.samba.org/AnthonyWesley.jpg|title=Photo of Anthony Wesley and his telescope|publisher=(jupiter.samba.org)|accessdate=2009-07-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090726100856/http://jupiter.samba.org/AnthonyWesley.jpg| archivedate= 26 July 2009 | deadurl= no}}
  • Jupiter Section of ALPO-Japan with Latest Jupiter Observations
  • [https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j6sEwe5hIfsw-mn8KJgZlvzU_LIQD99J311G0 Aussie stargazer spots scar from Jupiter collision]
  • A comet or meteoroid hits Jupiter
  • [https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2795 Jupiter - friend or foe?] (arXiv:0806.2795)
  • APOD 9/8/2009, Unexpected Impact on Jupiter polar projection animation
  • Simulations unravel mysteries of 2009 Jupiter impact (physorg.com March 30, 2012)
{{Modern impact events}}{{Jupiter}}

2 : 2009 in science|Jupiter impact events
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