| 词条 | 2009 Karonga earthquakes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| title = 2009 Karonga earthquakes | local-date = December 6–19, 2009 | map2 = {{Location map | Malawi | relief = yes | label = | lat = -10.108 | long = 33.818 | mark = Bullseye1.png | marksize = 40 | position = top | width = 250 | float = center | caption = }} | magnitude = {{M|w|link=y}} ~6.0 | depth = | location = | countries affected = | tsunami = | aftershocks = | intensity = | casualties = 4 deaths }} The 2009 Karonga earthquakes occurred near Karonga, Malawi in December 2009 near the northern tip of Lake Malawi in southeast Africa. List of shocks
DamageOver 1000 houses collapsed, 4 people were killed and 300 people were wounded in this earthquake sequence.[5] The majority of the building collapse was caused by liquefaction that occurred within a shallow layer of saturated unconsolidated lake sediments along the shoreline.[6] The locations of ground damage and liquefaction align with the fault that ruptured the earthquake.[6] ExtentThe 6.0 earthquake could also be felt in Tanzania and Zambia.[7] GeologyBeing in the southern East African Rift, the 100 km-long Livingstone Fault marks the limit of the Karonga Basin. The earthquakes, located at about 50 km west of the Livingstone Fault, occurred along previously unknown buried faults beneath the Quaternary unconsolidated sediments. Satellite-based geophysical investigations indicated that one of the west dipping faults which cut the Karonga Basin might have ruptured during the earthquakes.[8][9] The studies also estimated a maximum slip of about 120 cm at 3–5 km depth with no evidence of dike-injection related activity associated with many earthquakes in Eastern Africa.[9] Another study utilized aeromagnetic data to image the basement structure around the rupture area and found that multiple buried faults ruptured during the earthquake among which are the St. Mary Fault (extending over 37 km in length) and the Kaporo Fault which is 36 km long and is buried beneath Lake Malawi.[10] Scientists have proposed that the dominance of seismicity in this part of northern Malawi may be due to the presence of pre-existing planes of weakness in the basement rocks that are favorably oriented to the tectonic stress field of the East African Rift.[10] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2009pwa4/us/index.html |title=M5.8 – Malawi |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2009pyai/us/index.html |title=M5.9 – Malawi |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/significant/sig_2009.php |title=Significant Earthquakes of the World |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2009qcaf/us/index.html |title=M5.4 – Malawi |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/current_research_karonga.html |title=COMET - Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes and Tectonics | Homepage |publisher=Comet.nerc.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100813025036/http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/current_research_karonga.html| archivedate= 13 August 2010 | deadurl= no}} 6. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Kolawole|first=F|last2=Atekwana|first2=E A|last3=Laó-Dávila|first3=D A|last4=Abdelsalam|first4=M G|last5=Chindandali|first5=P R|last6=Salima|first6=J|last7=Kalindekafe|first7=L|date=2018-02-19|title=High-resolution electrical resistivity and aeromagnetic imaging reveal the causative fault of the 2009 Mw 6.0 Karonga, Malawi earthquake|journal=Geophysical Journal International|language=en|volume=213|issue=2|pages=1412–1425|doi=10.1093/gji/ggy066|issn=0956-540X}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/pager/events/us/2009qjcb/index.html |title=PAGER - M 6.0 - MALAWI |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.knmi.nl/~graafdem/publications/2010_ESA_LP_Dransfeld_etal.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622034530/http://www.knmi.nl/~graafdem/publications/2010_ESA_LP_Dransfeld_etal.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hamiel|first=Y.|last2=Baer|first2=G.|last3=Kalindekafe|first3=L.|last4=Dombola|first4=K.|last5=Chindandali|first5=P.|date=October 2012|title=Seismic and aseismic slip evolution and deformation associated with the 2009-2010 northern Malawi earthquake swarm, East African Rift|journal=Geophysical Journal International|language=en|volume=191|issue=3|pages=898|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.2012.05673.x|issn=0956-540X|bibcode=2012GeoJI.191..898H}} 10. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Kolawole|first=F.|last2=Atekwana|first2=E. A.|last3=Laó-Dávila|first3=D. A.|last4=Abdelsalam|first4=M. G.|last5=Chindandali|first5=P. R.|last6=Salima|first6=J.|last7=Kalindekafe|first7=L.|date=March 2018|title=Active Deformation of Malawi Rift's North Basin Hinge Zone Modulated by Reactivation of Preexisting Precambrian Shear Zone Fabric|journal=Tectonics|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=683–704|doi=10.1002/2017tc004628|issn=0278-7407|bibcode=2018Tecto..37..683K}} External links
5 : Earthquakes in Malawi|2009 earthquakes|December 2009 events|2009 in Malawi|Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。