| 词条 | 2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|image= |caption=Countries affected by the epidemic |date= January 2009–present |place= Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria |casualties1= 1,100 dead |casualties2= 25,000 suspected cases |casualties3= |notes= }} The 2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak was an epidemic of bacterial meningitis which occurred in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria since January 2009,[1] an annual risk in the African meningitis belt. A total of 13,516 people have been infected with meningitis, and 931 have died.[1] Nigeria has been the most adversely affected, with over half of the total cases and deaths occurring in the nation. The WHO reported on March 27, 2009 that 1,100 had died and there were 25,000 suspected cases.[2] It is the worst outbreak in the region since 1996, and a third of the world's emergency vaccine stockpile for the bacterial form has been consumed{{when|date=October 2016}}.[2] The GAVI Alliance has been trying to secure more vaccines.[2] BackgroundWest Africa is struck by an annual meningitis epidemic, usually affecting between 25,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.[3] However, the current epidemic has been the deadliest outbreak since 1996.[4] That year meningitis infected over 100,000 people and killed 10,000 during a three-month period.[5] According to doctorswithoutborders.org, Up to 400 vaccination teams of five people each immunized thousands of people every day in the region for a few weeks. In total, 2.8 million people were vaccinated in Zinder, Maradi, and Dosso regions in Niger, and 4.5 million people in Katsina, Jigawa, Bauchi, Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Zamfara, Kaduna, and Gombe States in Nigeria. Vaccination campaigns continue at some sites in Nigeria for a total of 255,000 people. Countries affectedBurkina FasoThe outbreak has affected four departments in Burkina Faso: Batié Department, Manni Department, Solenzo Department, and Toma Department.[6] About 15% of those infected have died from meningitis. In addition, a small measles outbreak occurred at the same time as the meningitis epidemic.[6] MaliIn Mali, 54 people were infected with meningitis, six of whom died.[1] At the time of the outbreak, several organizations were conducting clinical meningitis vaccine trials.[7]
NigerThe outbreak first began in late January with several cases reported in Zinder Region, in southern Niger.[8] Compared to the meningitis epidemic in 2008, more cases have been reported, but with a lower fatality rate.[9] Five districts in Niger have been seriously affected by the outbreak, and eight others are "on alert," according to the World Health Organization.[10] A 1 May report from the remote towns of northern Niger described an increasing number of cases blamed on migrant workers from Nigeria and Ghana who travel through the region hoping to gain access to Algeria and Libya, and from there Europe. The Agadez Region directorate of public health report reported 189 cases with 16 death is the Region, 99 cases with 4 deaths in Agadez alone. In the even more remote areas further east, officials in Bilma and Dirkou reported 36 cases but with 10 of them resulting in death.[11] NigeriaNigeria was struck especially hard, with 562 deaths in 9,086 cases.[12] 333 deaths occurred in the country over a three-month period in twenty-two out of thirty-six states.[13] 217 Local Government Areas also reported cases.[8] Several states mounted large meningitis vaccination and information campaigns after the outbreak.[14] Babatunde Osotimehin, the Nigerian Minister of Health said that his nation was prepared for the expected epidemic: "On 3rd September 2008, we alerted all the States in the meningitis belt to intensify surveillance, preposition drugs and laboratory materials and sensitise the public on preventive measures. Indeed, right from August 2008, the Ministry had prepositioned all the states in the meningitis belt with oily chloramphenicol as well as laboratory reagents and materials for confirmation of cases."[15] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jnqZygqNJdnANb_ojvfZI38jb5vg|title=West African meningitis outbreak kills 931|date=2009-03-12|publisher=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=2009-03-15}} {{DEFAULTSORT:West African meningitis outbreak, 2009}}2. ^1 2 [https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssHealthcareNews/idUSLR95915420090327 Reuters:UPDATE 1-Meningitis kills over 1,100 West Africans - WHO] 3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/22350.php|title=West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind|date=2009-03-12|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=Medical News Today}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-04-voa28.cfm |title=Health Officials Say Meningitis Ravaging Northern Nigeria |last=de Costa |first=Gilbert |date=2009-03-04 |publisher=VOA |accessdate=2009-03-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312054019/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-04-voa28.cfm |archivedate=12 March 2009 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/world/wide-epidemic-of-meningitis-fatal-to-10000-in-west-africa.html?fta=y|title=Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa|date=1996-05-08|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=The New York Times | first=Howard W. | last=French}} 6. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/LSGZ-7PLJ9P?OpenDocument|title=Burkina Faso: Meningitis and measles DREF operation n° MDRBF007|date=2009-02-25|publisher=IFRC|accessdate=2009-03-15}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2008/pr31/en/index.html|title=African countries to introduce new meningitis vaccine|date=2008-09-04|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=2009-03-16}} 8. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903120120.html|title=Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks|date=2009-03-11|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83384|title=In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger |date=2009-03-09|publisher=IRIN News|accessdate=2009-03-15}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903050913.html|title=West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early|date=2009-03-05|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-16}} 11. ^Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la méningite{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, Aïr Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04. 12. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=881558 |title=931 Killed In West African Meningitis Outbreak: UNICEF |date=2009-03-12 |publisher=RTT News |accessdate=2009-03-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322130653/http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=881558 |archivedate=22 March 2009 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/world/africa/05briefs-MENINGITISKI_BRF.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333|date=2009-03-05|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=The New York Times}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903091133.html|title=Nigeria: Jigawa Begins Meningitis Vaccination|last=a Ibrahim|first=Yusha'u |date=2009-03-09|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903100451.html|title=Nigeria: We Anticipated CSM Epidemic And Prepared for It - Osotimehin|last=Ogundipe|first=Sola|date=2009-03-10|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}} 18 : 2000s medical outbreaks|2009 in Africa|2009 in Burkina Faso|2009 in Mali|2009 in Niger|2009 in Nigeria|2010 in Africa|2010 in Burkina Faso|2010 in Mali|2010 in Niger|2010 in Nigeria|Meningitis|2009 health disasters|2010 health disasters|Medical outbreaks in Burkina Faso|Medical outbreaks in Mali|Medical outbreaks in Niger|Medical outbreaks in Nigeria |
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